The murder of ancient Alexandria's greatest scholar - Soraya Field Fiorio

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2019-08-01 ・ TED-Ed


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The murder of ancient Alexandria's greatest scholar - Soraya Field Fiorio

1,741,818 views ・ 2019-08-01

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jun Woo Park κ²€ν† : Sooha Ahn
00:07
In the city of Alexandria in 415 CE,
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기원후 415λ…„ μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ—μ„œλŠ”
00:10
the bishop and the governor were in a fight.
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주ꡐ와 총독이 μ‹Έμš°κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
It started with a disagreement over the behavior of a militia of monks,
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싸움은 μˆ˜λ„μ‚¬ λ―Όλ³‘λŒ€μ˜ 행동에 λŒ€ν•œ 의견 차이둜 μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°
00:17
and ended with an accusation of witchcraft
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μ•„μ£Ό 영ν–₯λ ₯ μžˆλŠ” 인물을 겨λƒ₯ν•œ λ§ˆλ…€μ‚¬λƒ₯으둜 끝났죠.
00:21
leveled against one of the most powerful figures in the city.
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00:25
Hypatia of Alexandria was a prominent mathematician, philosopher,
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μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ ν•˜μ΄νŒŒν‹°μ•„λŠ”
유λͺ…ν•œ μˆ˜ν•™μžμ΄μž μ² ν•™μžμ˜€μœΌλ©° λ„μ‹œ μ§€λ„μžμ˜ μ‘°μ–Έμžμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
and advisor to the city’s leaders.
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00:32
In the centuries since she lived,
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ£½μŒμ„ λ’€λ”°λ₯Έ μˆ˜μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ
00:34
the details of her life have been the subject of much dispute
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ‚Άμ˜ κ΄€ν•œ 이야기듀은 λ…ΌμŸμ˜ λŒ€μƒμ΄ λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μœΌλ©°
00:38
and have taken on an almost mythical status.
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거의 신화적인 μ§€μœ„λ₯Ό 차지해 μ™”μ£ .
00:41
But while none of Hypatia’s own writings survive,
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ§‘ν•„ν•œ μ„œμ  쀑 ν˜„μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ
00:44
her contemporaries’ and students’ accounts of her work and life
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λ™μ‹œλŒ€μΈκ³Ό 제자의 νšŒκ³ λŠ” κ·Έλ…€μ—κ²Œ ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 유λͺ…μ„Έλ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°
00:48
paint a picture of the qualities that made her renowned as a scholar,
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00:52
beloved as a teacher, and ultimately led to her downfall.
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ„ μƒμœΌλ‘œμ„œ μ‚¬λž‘λ°›λ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅κ³Ό
μ΅œν›„μ˜ λͺ°λ½μ„ κ·Έλ €λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
Hypatia was born around 355 in Alexandria,
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ν•˜μ΄νŒŒν‹°μ•„λŠ” 355λ…„κ²½ μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„μ—μ„œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
then part of the Egyptian province of the Eastern Roman Empire,
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그곳은 λ™λ‘œλ§ˆ 제ꡭ μ΄μ§‘νŠΈ μ§€λ°©μ˜ μΌλΆ€μ΄μž μ§€μ‹μ˜ μ€‘μ‹¬μ§€μ˜€λ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
and an intellectual center.
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01:08
Her father Theon was an accomplished Greek mathematician and astronomer;
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 아버지 ν…Œμ˜¨μ€ λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ 그리슀 μˆ˜ν•™μžμ΄μž μ²œλ¬Έν•™μžμ˜€μœΌλ‚˜
01:12
her mother is unknown.
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
Hypatia was likely an only child, and Theon educated her himself.
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ν•˜μ΄νŒŒν‹°μ•„λŠ” 외동딸일 κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’μœΌλ©° ν…Œμ˜¨μ€ κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό 직접 κ΅μœ‘μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
By adulthood, she had surpassed her father in both mathematics and philosophy,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 성인이 λ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜ν•™κ³Ό μ² ν•™ μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ 아버지λ₯Ό λ›°μ–΄λ„˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°
01:25
becoming the city’s foremost scholar and taking over his position
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λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό λŒ€ν‘œν•˜λŠ” ν•™μžκ°€ λ˜μ–΄
ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ λŒ€ν•™κ³Ό μœ μ‚¬ν•œ ν”ŒλΌν† λ‹‰ 슀쿨의 ꡐμž₯ 자리λ₯Ό λ„λ§‘μ•˜μ£ .
01:29
at the head of the Platonic school, similar to a modern university.
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01:33
She refined scientific instruments, wrote math textbooks,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” κ³Όν•™ 도ꡬλ₯Ό 닀듬고 μˆ˜ν•™ κ΅κ³Όμ„œλ₯Ό μ§‘ν•„ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°
01:37
and developed a more efficient method of long division.
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λ”μš± 효율적인 λ‚˜λˆ—μ…ˆ 곡식을 κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
But perhaps her most significant contributions to intellectual life
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ ˆμ•„μ— λ² ν‘Ό κ°€μž₯ 큰 κ³΅ν—Œμ€
01:44
in Alexandria came through her teaching.
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"ꡐ윑"을 톡해 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
The philosophy Hypatia taught drew from the legacy of Plato and Aristotle,
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ν•˜μ΄νŒŒν‹°μ•„μ˜ 철학은 ν”ŒλΌν†€κ³Ό μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:52
as well as the mystical philosopher Plotinus and the mathematician Pythagoras.
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μ‹ λΉ„λ‘œμš΄ μ² ν•™μž ν”Œλ‘œν‹°λˆ„μŠ€μ™€ μˆ˜ν•™μž ν”Όνƒ€κ³ λΌμŠ€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ„μΆœλœ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
01:58
The convergence of these influences merged to form a school called Neoplatonism.
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μœ„ μ‚¬μƒμ˜ ν˜Όν•©μ€ μ‹ ν”ŒλΌν†€νŒŒ μ² ν•™μ˜ μ‹œμ΄ˆμ˜€λ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
For the Neoplatonists, mathematics had a spiritual aspect,
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λ„€μ˜€ν”ŒλΌν†€μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μˆ˜ν•™μ€ 영적인 ν•™λ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œ,
02:08
divided among the four branches of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music.
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μ‚°μˆ , κΈ°ν•˜ν•™, μ²œλ¬Έν•™, μŒμ•…μ˜ λ„€ 갈래둜 λ‚˜λ‰©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
These subjects were not studied merely for the sake of curiosity
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μœ„ μ£Όμ œλ“€μ€ ν˜ΈκΈ°μ‹¬μ˜ μΆ©μ‘±μ΄λ‚˜ μ‹€μš©μ„±μ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ
02:18
or practical utility, but because they authenticated the belief
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μˆ«μžκ°€ 우주의 μ‹ μ„±ν•œ μ–Έμ–΄λΌλŠ” 믿음으둜 μ—°κ΅¬λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
02:21
that numbers were the sacred language of the universe.
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02:25
In the repeated patterns of algebraic formulas and geometric shapes,
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λŒ€μˆ˜μ  곡식과 κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  ν˜•μƒμ˜ λ°˜λ³΅λ˜λŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄,
02:29
the orbits of the planets, and the harmonious intervals of musical tones,
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ν–‰μ„±μ˜ ꢀ도와 μŒμ•…μ  ν†€μ˜ μ‘°ν™”λ‘œμš΄ κ°„κ²©μ—μ„œ
02:34
the Neoplatonists saw a rational cosmic force at work.
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λ„€μ˜€ν”ŒλΌν†€μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ€ 우주적 νž˜μ„ λ³΄μ•˜μ£ .
02:39
Students delved into this ordered mathematical world
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학생듀은 "ν•˜λ‚˜"λΌλŠ” νž˜μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ μž μˆ˜ν•™μ„ κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜μ˜€μ£ .
02:42
to achieve higher unity with this force, known as β€œthe One.”
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02:47
While Hypatia was considered paganβ€”
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ν•˜μ΄νŒŒν‹°μ•„λŠ” μ΄κ΅λ„λ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ‘ŒμœΌλ‚˜-
02:49
a term for traditional Roman belief before Christianityβ€”
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ΄κ΅λ„λŠ” 기독ꡐ μ΄μ „μ˜ 둜마 전톡 사상을 μΌμ»«λŠ”λ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€-
02:53
she worshipped no particular deity or deities,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” νŠΉμ • 신을 μˆ­λ°°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ©°,
02:55
and her ideas could be applied alongside multiple religious viewpoints.
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 생각은 μ—¬λŸ¬ 쒅ꡐ적인 관점에 적용될 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
Jewish and Christian as well as pagan students
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μœ λŒ€μΈκ³Ό 기독ꡐ인, 그리고 이ꡐ도 학생듀은
03:03
travelled from the farthest reaches of the empire to study with her.
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κ·Έλ…€μ—κ²Œ 배우고자 λ¨Ό μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ μ°Ύμ•„μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
The nonpartisan environment Hypatia fostered,
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ‘°μ„±ν•œ, νŽΈμ•ˆν•˜κ³  λ‹ΉνŒŒμ μ΄μ§€ μ•Šμ€ ν™˜κ²½μ€
03:10
where all students could feel comfortable,
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03:12
was especially remarkable given the religious and political turmoil
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λ‹ΉλŒ€μ˜ 쒅ꡐ적, μ •μΉ˜μ  ν˜Όλž€μ„ κ°μ•ˆν•  λ•Œ μ£Όλͺ©ν•  λ§Œν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
03:17
that was fracturing the city of Alexandria at the time.
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03:21
Christianity had recently become the Empire’s state religion.
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κΈ°λ…κ΅λŠ” μ΅œκ·Όμ— ꡭꡐ가 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
The local archbishop Cyril had steadily gained political power,
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지역 λŒ€μ£Όκ΅ μ‹œλ¦΄μ€ μ„œμ„œνžˆ νž˜μ„ μΆ•μ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
commanding zealous militias of Christian monks to destroy pagan temples
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이ꡐ도 사원을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κ³  μœ λŒ€μΈμ„ κ΄΄λ‘­νžˆλ €λŠ” 기독ꡐ 승렀의 λ―Όλ³‘λŒ€λ₯Ό 이끌며 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
and harass the Jewish population.
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03:36
In doing so, he encroached on the secular authority of the Roman governor Orestes,
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μ‹œλ¦΄μ€ κ·Έ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 총독 μ˜€λ ˆμŠ€ν…ŒμŠ€μ˜ κΆŒμœ„λ₯Ό μž μ‹ν•˜μ˜€μ£ .
03:41
himself a moderate Christian, leading to a bitter public feud between the two men.
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본인이 μ˜¨κ±΄ν•œ κΈ°λ…κ΅μ£Όμ˜μžλΌ μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λ©° λ‘˜μ€ μ‹¬ν•œ 곡뢄을 일으켰죠.
03:47
Because she was seen as a wise and impartial figure,
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ ν˜„λͺ…ν•˜κ³  κ³΅μ •ν•œ 인물둜 비좰진 ν•˜νŒŒν‹°μ•„λŠ”
03:50
governor Orestes consulted Hypatia,
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μ˜€λ ˆμŠ€ν…ŒμŠ€ μ£Όμ§€μ‚¬μ˜ 상담을 λ§‘μ•˜μœΌλ©°
03:53
who advised him to act with fairness and restraint.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 곡정성과 절제λ ₯을 가지고 ν–‰λ™ν•˜λΌκ³  μ‘°μ–Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
But when a group of Cyril’s monks incited a riot,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ‹œλ¦΄μ˜ μŠΉλ €λ“€μ΄ 폭동을 톡해 μ˜€λ ˆμŠ€ν…ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό μ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ‹€μΉ˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
03:59
badly injuring Orestes in the process, he had their leader tortured to death.
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κ·ΈλŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ₯Ό κ³ λ¬Έν•˜μ—¬ μ£½μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
Cyril and his followers blamed Hypatia,
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μ‹œλ¦΄κ³Ό μΆ”μ’…μžλ“€μ€ ν•˜μ΄νŒŒν‹°μ•„λ₯Ό νƒ“ν•˜λ©°
04:07
accusing her of witchcraft to turn Orestes against Christianity.
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ˜€λ ˆμŠ€ν…ŒμŠ€λ₯Ό 기독ꡐ에 λ°˜ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“  λ§ˆλ…€λΌ ν•˜μ˜€μ£ .
04:12
In March 415, as Hypatia was traveling through the city,
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415λ…„ 3μ›”, ν•˜νŒŒν‹°μ•„κ°€ λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό μ—¬ν–‰ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ λ•Œ
04:16
the bishop’s militia of monks dragged her from her carriage
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μˆ˜λ„μŠΉλ“€μ˜ 주ꡐ λ―Όλ³‘λŒ€κ°€ κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ°¨μ—μ„œ λŒμ–΄ λ‚΄λ €
04:19
and brutally murdered and dismembered her.
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μž”μΈν•˜κ²Œ 토막내어 μ‚΄ν•΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
Hypatia’s death was a turning point in the politics of Alexandria.
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ν•˜μ΄νŒŒν‹°μ•„μ˜ μ£½μŒμ€ μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ“œλ¦¬μ•„ μ •μΉ˜μ˜ μ „ν™˜μ μ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
In the wake of her murder,
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 살인 사건을 κ³„κΈ°λ‘œ
04:28
other philosophers in the Greek and Roman tradition fled,
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κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ™€ 둜마 μ „ν†΅μ˜ μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 도망쳀고
04:32
and the city’s role as a center of learning declined.
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ν•™λ¬Έμ˜ μ€‘μ‹¬μ§€λ‘œμ„œμ˜ λ„μ‹œμ˜ 역할은 μ‡ ν‡΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:35
In a very real way,
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말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ,
04:37
the spirit of inquisition, openness, and fairness she fostered
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ κΈΈλŸ¬λ‚Έ 심문, κ°œλ°©μ„±, κ³΅μ •μ„±μ˜ 정신은
04:41
died with her.
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그녀와 ν•¨κ»˜ μ£½μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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