How do you know if you have a virus? - Cella Wright

528,056 views ใƒป 2020-05-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Nachshon (Sean) Yehudai
00:06
A new virus emerges and spreads like wildfire.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื›ืžื• ืืฉ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืงื•ืฆื™ื.
00:11
In order to contain it,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•,
00:12
researchers must first collect data about whoโ€™s been infected.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื™ ื ื™ื“ื‘ืง.
00:17
Two main viral testing techniques are critical:
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ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช:
00:20
one tells you if you have the virus
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ืื—ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื•ื™ืจื•ืก
00:22
and the other shows if youโ€™ve already had it.
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจืช ืžืจืื” ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื•.
00:25
So, how exactly do these tests work?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช?
00:28
PCR, or polymerase chain reaction testing,
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PCR ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจืื–,
00:32
targets the virusโ€™s genetic material in the body
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ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
00:35
and is used to diagnose someone who is currently infected.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ.
00:40
Yet, this genetic material may be present in such imperceptible amounts
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื ืงืœื˜ื•ืช
00:44
that actually detecting it is difficult.
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ืฉื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืฉื”.
00:47
This is where PCR comes in:
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ืคื” ื”PCR ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื”:
00:49
itโ€™s widely used to amplify genetic information to large enough quantities
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืœื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
00:54
that it can be readily observed.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
00:56
To develop a PCR test for a never-before-seen virus,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืžื‘ื“ืงื™ PCR ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
01:00
researchers first sequence its genetic material, or genome,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืฆืคื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™, ืื• ื”ื’ื ื•ื,
01:04
and identify regions that are unique to that specific virus.
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ื•ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:08
PCR then targets these particular segments.
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PCR ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื– ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:12
A PCR test begins by collecting a sample:
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช PCR ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื’ื™ืžื”:
01:16
this can be blood for hepatitis viruses, feces for poliovirus,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื”ืคื˜ื™ื˜ื™ืก, ืฆื•ืื” ืœืคื•ืœื™ื•,
01:20
and samples from the nose or throat for coronaviruses.
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ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืืฃ ืื• ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ืจื•ื ื”.
01:24
The sample is taken to a central laboratory
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ื ืœืงื—ืช ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช
01:27
where PCR is performed to test for the presence of the virusโ€™ genome.
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ืฉื PCR ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
01:31
Genetic information can be encoded via DNA or RNA.
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ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ื“ืจืš DNA ืื• RNA.
01:36
HPV, for example, uses DNA, while SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19,
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HPV, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ DNA, ื‘ืขื•ื“ SARS-CoV-2, ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœ COVID-19,
01:42
uses RNA.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ RNA.
01:45
Before running the PCR, the viral RNAโ€” if presentโ€”
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”PCR, ื” RNA ื”ื•ื™ืจืœื™ -- ืื ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื --
01:49
must be reverse transcribed to make a strand of complementary DNA.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ DNA ืžืฉืœื™ื.
01:53
Researchers then run the PCR.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื– ืืช ื” PCR.
01:56
If the virus is present in the sample, its unique regions of genetic code
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ืื ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช, ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ื’ื ื˜ื™
02:00
will be identified by complementary primers and copied by enzymes.
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ื™ื–ื•ื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืืชื—ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืชืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื–ื ื™ืžื™ื.
02:05
One strand of DNA becomes hundreds of millions,
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ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ DNA ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,
02:08
which are detected using probes marked with fluorescent dye.
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ืฉืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื• ื–ื•ื”ืจ.
02:12
If the PCR machine senses fluorescence,
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ืื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื” PCR ื—ืฉื” ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ,
02:15
the sample has tested positive for the virus,
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื” ื›ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
02:17
meaning the individual is infected.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ.
02:21
Immunoassays, on the other hand,
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืกืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
02:23
tap into the immune systemโ€™s memory of the virus,
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ื‘ื•ื“ืงื•ืช ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
02:26
showing if someone has previously been infected.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
02:29
They work by targeting virus-specific antibodies generated by the immune system
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
02:34
during infection.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
02:35
These are specialized classes of proteins
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
02:37
that identify and fight foreign substances, like viruses.
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ืฉืžื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื ืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื.
02:42
Immunoassays may detect IgG antibodies, the most abundant class,
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืกืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ IgG, ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ,
02:46
and IgM antibodies, the type thatโ€™s first produced in response to a new infection.
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ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ IgM, ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
02:52
The presence of IgM antibodies suggests a recent infection,
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ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ IgM ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
02:55
but since it can take the body over a week to produce a detectable amount,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™,
02:59
theyโ€™re unreliable in diagnosing current infections.
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ื”ื ืœื ืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:03
Meanwhile, IgG antibodies circulate for an extended period after infection;
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ IgG ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”;
03:08
their presence usually indicates that someone was exposed and recovered.
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ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื.
03:13
Before the immunoassay,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืกืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
03:15
health professionals draw blood from an individual.
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ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื“ื ืžืื“ื.
03:18
This sample then comes into contact with a portion of the virus of interest.
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื’ืข ืขื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:23
If the body has, in fact, been exposed to the virus in the past,
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ืื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
03:26
the bodyโ€™s virus-specific antibodies will bind to it during the test.
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ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืงืฉืจื• ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.
03:31
This reaction produces a change in color, indicating that the sample tested positive
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข, ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช
03:35
and that the individual has been exposed to the virus.
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ื•ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
03:39
Immunoassays are especially important
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืกืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:41
when it comes to retroactively diagnosing people
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื˜ืจื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
03:44
who were infected but went untested.
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ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื‘ื“ืงื•.
03:47
And thereโ€™s exciting potential for those who have developed immunity to a virus:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœืืœื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก:
03:51
in some cases, their blood plasma could be used as treatment
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ืคืœื–ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
03:54
in people who are currently fighting it.
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื”.
03:59
PCR and immunoassays are always in the process
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช PCR ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืกืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš
04:02
of becoming more accurate and efficient.
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ืฉืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:04
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
04:05
innovations in PCR have led to the use of self-contained testing devices
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ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ PCR ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื
04:10
that relay results within one hour.
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ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื”.
04:13
Digital PCR, which quantifies individual pieces of target DNA,
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PCR ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื, ืฉืžื›ืžืชื™ื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ DNA ืžื˜ื•ื•ื—,
04:17
shows promise in further boosting accuracy.
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ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง.
04:20
And although immunoassays are difficult to develop quickly,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืกืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:23
researchers in Singapore were able to create one for SARS-CoV-2
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืœ SARS-CoV-2
04:27
even before COVID-19 was declared a pandemic.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉ COVID-19 ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ืžื’ืคื”.
04:31
These testsโ€” along with the scientists who develop them
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ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื• -- ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืคืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
04:34
and the health professionals who administer themโ€”
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ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ --
04:36
are absolutely essential.
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ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:39
And when deployed early, they can save millions of lives.
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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