How do you know if you have a virus? - Cella Wright

532,208 views ใƒป 2020-05-18

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:06
A new virus emerges and spreads like wildfire.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๊ธธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
00:11
In order to contain it,
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00:12
researchers must first collect data about whoโ€™s been infected.
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์šฐ์„  ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
Two main viral testing techniques are critical:
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์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
one tells you if you have the virus
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์—ผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€
00:22
and the other shows if youโ€™ve already had it.
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์ด์ „ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
So, how exactly do these tests work?
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๋‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:28
PCR, or polymerase chain reaction testing,
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PCR ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์ฆ‰ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ํšจ์†Œ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š”
00:32
targets the virusโ€™s genetic material in the body
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์ฒด๋‚ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์œ ์ „ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
00:35
and is used to diagnose someone who is currently infected.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
Yet, this genetic material may be present in such imperceptible amounts
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ์ „ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๊ฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋ผ
00:44
that actually detecting it is difficult.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
This is where PCR comes in:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ PCR์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
itโ€™s widely used to amplify genetic information to large enough quantities
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์€
์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฆํญํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
that it can be readily observed.
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00:56
To develop a PCR test for a never-before-seen virus,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ PCR ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
01:00
researchers first sequence its genetic material, or genome,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์œ ์ „ ๋ฌผ์งˆ, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžŒ ํ›„
01:04
and identify regions that are unique to that specific virus.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
PCR then targets these particular segments.
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PCR ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ํŠน์ • ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
A PCR test begins by collecting a sample:
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PCR ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
this can be blood for hepatitis viruses, feces for poliovirus,
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๊ฐ„์—ผ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก, ํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ณ€,
01:20
and samples from the nose or throat for coronaviruses.
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์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์ธํ›„์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
The sample is taken to a central laboratory
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์ด ๊ฒ€์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ค‘์•™ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ
01:27
where PCR is performed to test for the presence of the virusโ€™ genome.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ PCR ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
Genetic information can be encoded via DNA or RNA.
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์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด๋Š” DNA ๋˜๋Š” RNA๋กœ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
HPV, for example, uses DNA, while SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ๋‘์ข… ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” DNA๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ 
์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” RNA๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ฃ .
01:42
uses RNA.
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01:45
Before running the PCR, the viral RNAโ€” if presentโ€”
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๋งŒ์•ฝ RNA ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด PCR ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
01:49
must be reverse transcribed to make a strand of complementary DNA.
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์ƒ๋ณด์  ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ DNA๋กœ ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
Researchers then run the PCR.
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์— PCR ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
If the virus is present in the sample, its unique regions of genetic code
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๊ฒ€์ฒด์— ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ณ ์œ  ์˜์—ญ์ด
02:00
will be identified by complementary primers and copied by enzymes.
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์ƒ๋ณด์  ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋จธ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋ผ์„œ ํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
One strand of DNA becomes hundreds of millions,
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DNA ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์€ ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ฆํญ๋˜๊ณ 
02:08
which are detected using probes marked with fluorescent dye.
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ํ˜•๊ด‘ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
If the PCR machine senses fluorescence,
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PCR ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:15
the sample has tested positive for the virus,
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๊ฒ€์ฒด์— ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–‘์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:17
meaning the individual is infected.
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ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
Immunoassays, on the other hand,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์€
02:23
tap into the immune systemโ€™s memory of the virus,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
02:26
showing if someone has previously been infected.
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์ด์ „ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
They work by targeting virus-specific antibodies generated by the immune system
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์ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
ํŠน์ • ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
during infection.
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02:35
These are specialized classes of proteins
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ,
02:37
that identify and fight foreign substances, like viruses.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
Immunoassays may detect IgG antibodies, the most abundant class,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ G ํ•ญ์ฒด์™€
02:46
and IgM antibodies, the type thatโ€™s first produced in response to a new infection.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ M ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํƒ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
The presence of IgM antibodies suggests a recent infection,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ M์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ์—ผ๋์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:55
but since it can take the body over a week to produce a detectable amount,
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ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋Š” ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์•ผ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ์—
02:59
theyโ€™re unreliable in diagnosing current infections.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ์ง„๋‹จ์—๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
Meanwhile, IgG antibodies circulate for an extended period after infection;
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๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ G ํ•ญ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ ํ›„์—๋„ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ฒด๋‚ด์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:08
their presence usually indicates that someone was exposed and recovered.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๊ฐ์—ผ ํ›„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Before the immunoassay,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—,
03:15
health professionals draw blood from an individual.
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์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์€ ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์ž๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ดํ›„ ์ด ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋…ธ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
This sample then comes into contact with a portion of the virus of interest.
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์ „์— ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
03:23
If the body has, in fact, been exposed to the virus in the past,
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03:26
the bodyโ€™s virus-specific antibodies will bind to it during the test.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ํ˜ˆ์•ก์— ์—‰๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
This reaction produces a change in color, indicating that the sample tested positive
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๊ฒ€์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–‘์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
and that the individual has been exposed to the virus.
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ํ”ผ๊ฒ€์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
Immunoassays are especially important
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์ด ํŠนํžˆ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
03:41
when it comes to retroactively diagnosing people
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
03:44
who were infected but went untested.
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์‚ฌํ›„์— ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
And thereโ€™s exciting potential for those who have developed immunity to a virus:
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋ฉด์—ญ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
in some cases, their blood plasma could be used as treatment
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ์จ
03:54
in people who are currently fighting it.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
PCR and immunoassays are always in the process
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PCR ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ
๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
of becoming more accurate and efficient.
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04:04
For example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
04:05
innovations in PCR have led to the use of self-contained testing devices
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด PCR์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ฒด ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
04:10
that relay results within one hour.
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1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
Digital PCR, which quantifies individual pieces of target DNA,
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ PCR์€ ํ‘œ์  DNA์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ
04:17
shows promise in further boosting accuracy.
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ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ๋†’์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
And although immunoassays are difficult to develop quickly,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
04:23
researchers in Singapore were able to create one for SARS-CoV-2
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์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์„
04:27
even before COVID-19 was declared a pandemic.
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์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ณตํ‘œ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
These testsโ€” along with the scientists who develop them
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์ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค,
04:34
and the health professionals who administer themโ€”
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๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„๋“ค์€
04:36
are absolutely essential.
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
And when deployed early, they can save millions of lives.
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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