Why are airplanes slower than they used to be? - Alex Gendler

2,474,428 views ใƒป 2021-04-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
In 1996, a British Airways plane flew from New York to London
0
6704
5042
ื‘-1996, ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ืก ื˜ืก ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
00:11
in a record-breaking two hours and 53 minutes.
1
11746
3792
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื•-53 ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:15
Today, however, passengers flying the same route
2
15871
3292
ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืฉื˜ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ
00:19
can expect to spend no less than six hours in the airโ€” twice as long.
3
19163
5250
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ -- ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:24
So why, in a world where everything seems to be getting faster,
4
24704
4042
ืื– ืœืžื”, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:28
have commercial flights lagged behind?
5
28746
2833
ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืจื›ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจ?
00:32
The British-and-French-made Concorde began shuttling passengers
6
32079
4083
ื”ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™-ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ื ื•ืกืขื™ื
00:36
across the sky in the 1970s.
7
36162
2875
ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘-1970.
00:39
Jetting between destinations like New York, Paris, Bahrain, and Singapore,
8
39037
5500
ื˜ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืคืจื™ืก, ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ,
00:44
it clocked in at over 2,000 kilometers per hour,
9
44537
3292
ื”ื•ื ื˜ืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 2000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”,
00:47
more than twice the speed of a normal airliner.
10
47829
3375
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœ.
00:51
However this was also about 800 kilometers per hour faster than the speed of sound.
11
51204
6542
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืจืš 800 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ.
00:57
And that created a surprising problem for people on the ground.
12
57746
3833
ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
01:02
When an object moves at supersonic speed,
13
62162
2792
ื›ืฉืขืฆื ื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื™ืช,
01:04
it generates a continuous moving shockwave known as a sonic boom.
14
64954
5125
ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ืœ ื”ืœื ื ืข ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื‘ื•ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื™.
01:10
This produces a loud, startling noise,
15
70079
2792
ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื—ื–ืง ื•ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ,
01:12
as well as rattling windows and dislodging structural elements of buildings.
16
72871
4542
ื•ื’ื ืžืจืขื™ื“ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื–ื™ื– ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
01:17
Since a plane flying at an altitude of 15 kilometers
17
77746
3583
ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉื˜ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 15 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
01:21
can affect an area with an 80 kilometer diameter on the ground below,
18
81329
4417
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ 80 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•,
01:25
complaints and concerns from residents in the Concordeโ€™s flight path
19
85746
4250
ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“
01:29
restricted it to mostly ocean routes.
20
89996
2750
ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ.
01:33
Because of these restrictions and other fuel and engineering requirements,
21
93329
4375
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื“ืœืง ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
01:37
supersonic flights turned out to be very expensive
22
97704
3000
ื˜ื™ืกื” ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื™ืงืจื” ืžืื•ื“
01:40
for both airlines and passengers.
23
100704
2459
ื’ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ื’ื ืœื ื•ืกืขื™ื.
01:43
A single transatlantic round-trip could cost the equivalent
24
103163
3541
ื˜ื™ืกื” ื˜ืจื ืก ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช
01:46
of more than $10,000 today.
25
106704
2542
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10,000$ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:49
With additional strain on the airline industry
26
109746
2708
ืขื ืœื—ืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”
01:52
due to decreased demand for flights after September 11th, 2001,
27
112454
4084
ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ 9/11, 2001,
01:56
this became unsustainable, and the Concorde was retired in 2003.
28
116538
5083
ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืœื ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื, ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“ ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘-2003.
02:02
So even when superfast flights existed, they weren't standard commercial flights.
29
122371
5250
ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช.
02:07
And while we might think that advances in flight technology
30
127621
2792
ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืกื”
02:10
would make fast flights less expensive, this hasnโ€™t necessarily been the case.
31
130413
4875
ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”.
02:15
One of the biggest concerns is fuel economy.
32
135288
2791
ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง.
02:18
Over the decades, jet engines have become a lot more efficient,
33
138454
3834
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:22
taking in more air and achieving more thrustโ€”
34
142288
2750
ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื—ืฃ --
02:25
traveling further for every liter of fuel.
35
145038
2833
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื˜ืกื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง.
02:28
But this efficiency is only achieved at speeds
36
148496
3083
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช
02:31
of up to around 900 kilometers per hourโ€” less than half the speed of the Concorde.
37
151579
6125
ืฉืœ ืขื“ ื‘ืขืจืš 900 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” -- ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“.
02:38
Going any faster would increase air intake and burn more fuel per kilometer flown.
38
158121
6167
ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืชืฉืจื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืœืง ืœื›ืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื˜ื™ืกื”.
02:44
A standard transatlantic flight still uses as much as 150,000 liters of fuel,
39
164288
5625
ื˜ื™ืกื” ื˜ืจื ืก ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘-150,000 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง,
02:49
amounting to over 20% of an airlineโ€™s total expenses.
40
169913
4041
ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20% ืžื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืขื•ืคื”.
02:54
So any reduction in fuel economy and increase in speed
41
174204
4209
ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
02:58
would significantly increase both flight costs and environmental impact.
42
178413
4666
ืชื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช.
03:03
What about ways to make a plane faster without burning lots of fuel?
43
183246
4167
ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืก ืœื˜ื•ืก ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืœืง?
03:07
Adjusting the wing sweep, or the angle at which wings protrude from the fuselage,
44
187413
5083
ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื ืฃ, ืื• ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ื ืฃ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืžื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก,
03:12
to bring the wings closer in can make an aircraft faster
45
192496
4125
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:16
by reducing aerodynamic drag.
46
196621
2167
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื’ืจืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™.
03:19
But this means the wings must be longer to achieve the same wingspan,
47
199371
4208
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืช ื›ื ืฃ,
03:23
and that means more materials and more weight,
48
203579
3125
ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืงืœ,
03:26
which in turn means burning more fuel.
49
206704
2625
ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืœืง.
03:30
So while airplanes could be designed to be more aerodynamic,
50
210704
3917
ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื,
03:34
this would make them more expensive.
51
214621
1917
ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจื™ื.
03:36
And generally, airlines have found that customer demand for faster flights
52
216663
4583
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:41
is not sufficient to cover these costs.
53
221246
2708
ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:44
So while military aircraft conduct high speed flights
54
224454
3500
ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
03:47
over water and at high altitudes,
55
227954
2542
ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
03:50
supersonic commercial flights seemed like a brief and failed experiment.
56
230496
4750
ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืฆืจ ื•ื›ื•ืฉืœ.
03:55
But recent advances may make them feasible again.
57
235663
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
03:59
Research by NASA and DARPA has shown that modifying an aircraftโ€™s shape
58
239663
5208
ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืืกื ื•ื“ืืจืคื” ื”ืจืื• ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก
04:04
can reduce the impact of its sonic boom by 1/3.
59
244871
3792
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘-1/3.
04:09
Extending the nose with a long spike can break the shockwave into smaller ones,
60
249121
5583
ื”ืืจื›ืช ื”ืืฃ ืขื ื—ื•ื“ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืœื ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:14
while another proposed design features two sets of wings
61
254704
3709
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื
04:18
producing waves that cancel each other out.
62
258413
2875
ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
04:21
And new technologies may solve the energy efficiency problem
63
261954
4084
ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช
04:26
with alternative and synthetic fuels, or even hybrid-electric planes.
64
266038
5291
ืขื ื“ืœืงื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
04:32
It may yet turn out that the last few decades of steady flying
65
272579
3875
ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืกื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”
04:36
were just a brief rest stop.
66
276454
2000
ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืขืฆื™ืจืช ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืงืฆืจื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7