Why are airplanes slower than they used to be? - Alex Gendler

2,481,781 views ใƒป 2021-04-15

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Taehan Yoon ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:06
In 1996, a British Airways plane flew from New York to London
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1996๋…„, ์˜๊ตญํ•ญ๊ณต์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜๊นŒ์ง€
00:11
in a record-breaking two hours and 53 minutes.
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2์‹œ๊ฐ„ 53๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
Today, however, passengers flying the same route
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ
00:19
can expect to spend no less than six hours in the airโ€” twice as long.
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๊ทธ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์ธ ์ตœ์†Œ 6์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
00:24
So why, in a world where everything seems to be getting faster,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
00:28
have commercial flights lagged behind?
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์–ด์งธ์„œ ์ƒ์šฉ๋น„ํ–‰์€ ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:32
The British-and-French-made Concorde began shuttling passengers
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์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฝฉ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š”
1970๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
across the sky in the 1970s.
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00:39
Jetting between destinations like New York, Paris, Bahrain, and Singapore,
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๋‰ด์š•, ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐ”๋ ˆ์ธ, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์„
00:44
it clocked in at over 2,000 kilometers per hour,
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์‹œ์† 2,000km ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ,
00:47
more than twice the speed of a normal airliner.
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์ฆ‰, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์†๋„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋…”์ง€์š”.
00:51
However this was also about 800 kilometers per hour faster than the speed of sound.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์†๋„๋Š” ์Œ์†๋ณด๋‹ค 800km/h ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
And that created a surprising problem for people on the ground.
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์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ๋กœ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์ง€์š”.
01:02
When an object moves at supersonic speed,
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ์Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด
01:04
it generates a continuous moving shockwave known as a sonic boom.
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์ง€์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ, ์ฆ‰ ์†Œ๋‹‰๋ถ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
This produces a loud, startling noise,
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์ด๋Š” ๊ต‰์Œ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ 
01:12
as well as rattling windows and dislodging structural elements of buildings.
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์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ๋–จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
Since a plane flying at an altitude of 15 kilometers
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15km ์ƒ๊ณต์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Š”
01:21
can affect an area with an 80 kilometer diameter on the ground below,
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์ง€ํ‘œ์—์„œ ์ง๊ฒฝ 80km๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
01:25
complaints and concerns from residents in the Concordeโ€™s flight path
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์ฝฉ์ฝ”๋“œ ํ•ญ๋กœ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ
01:29
restricted it to mostly ocean routes.
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์ฝฉ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
Because of these restrictions and other fuel and engineering requirements,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œํ•œ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ•™์  ์š”๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
01:37
supersonic flights turned out to be very expensive
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์ดˆ์Œ์† ๋น„ํ–‰์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ์™€ ์Šน๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ
01:40
for both airlines and passengers.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น„์‹ธ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
A single transatlantic round-trip could cost the equivalent
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๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ํšก๋‹จ ์™•๋ณต ๋น„ํ–‰ ๋น„์šฉ์€
01:46
of more than $10,000 today.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ ์ฒœ๋งŒ ์›์ด ๋„˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:49
With additional strain on the airline industry
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2001๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ํ•ญ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ค„์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:52
due to decreased demand for flights after September 11th, 2001,
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋”๋Š” ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด
01:56
this became unsustainable, and the Concorde was retired in 2003.
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์ฝฉ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” 2003๋…„์— ํ‡ด์—ญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
So even when superfast flights existed, they weren't standard commercial flights.
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์ดˆ์Œ์† ๋น„ํ–‰์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์ƒ์šฉ๋น„ํ–‰์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:07
And while we might think that advances in flight technology
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ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„ํ–‰ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
02:10
would make fast flights less expensive, this hasnโ€™t necessarily been the case.
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
One of the biggest concerns is fuel economy.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋น„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Over the decades, jet engines have become a lot more efficient,
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์ œํŠธ ์—”์ง„์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ผ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
taking in more air and achieving more thrustโ€”
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋นจ์•„๋“ค์—ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ถ”๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
02:25
traveling further for every liter of fuel.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚ ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:28
But this efficiency is only achieved at speeds
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ 900km/h ์ดํ•˜์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
of up to around 900 kilometers per hourโ€” less than half the speed of the Concorde.
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์ฝฉ์ฝ”๋“œ ์†๋„์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋„ ๋ชป ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€์š”.
02:38
Going any faster would increase air intake and burn more fuel per kilometer flown.
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์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํก์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
A standard transatlantic flight still uses as much as 150,000 liters of fuel,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ํšก๋‹จ ๋น„ํ–‰์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ 150,000๋ฆฌํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ 
02:49
amounting to over 20% of an airlineโ€™s total expenses.
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์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ „์ฒด ๋น„์šฉ์˜ 20%๋ฅผ ์›ƒ๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
So any reduction in fuel economy and increase in speed
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๋น„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋‚˜ ์†๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“ 
02:58
would significantly increase both flight costs and environmental impact.
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๋น„ํ–‰ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ํฐ ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
What about ways to make a plane faster without burning lots of fuel?
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์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:07
Adjusting the wing sweep, or the angle at which wings protrude from the fuselage,
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์ –ํž˜๊ฐ, ์ฆ‰ ์ฃผ์ต๊ณผ ๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ
03:12
to bring the wings closer in can make an aircraft faster
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์ฃผ์ต์ด ๋™์ฒด์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด
๊ณต๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
by reducing aerodynamic drag.
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03:19
But this means the wings must be longer to achieve the same wingspan,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋‚ ๊ฐœํญ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋” ๊ธด ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
03:23
and that means more materials and more weight,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ
03:26
which in turn means burning more fuel.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
So while airplanes could be designed to be more aerodynamic,
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—ญํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ๊ฒ ์œผ๋‚˜
03:34
this would make them more expensive.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋” ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
And generally, airlines have found that customer demand for faster flights
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š”
03:41
is not sufficient to cover these costs.
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ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ถฉ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
So while military aircraft conduct high speed flights
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ตฐ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋†’์€ ๊ณ ๋„์—์„œ
03:47
over water and at high altitudes,
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์ดˆ๊ณ ์† ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์•„์ง๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:50
supersonic commercial flights seemed like a brief and failed experiment.
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์ดˆ์Œ์† ์ƒ์šฉ๋น„ํ–‰์€ ์งง๊ณ  ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
But recent advances may make them feasible again.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Research by NASA and DARPA has shown that modifying an aircraftโ€™s shape
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NASA์™€ DARPA์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•ด์„œ
04:04
can reduce the impact of its sonic boom by 1/3.
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์†Œ๋‹‰๋ถ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ 1/3๋กœ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
Extending the nose with a long spike can break the shockwave into smaller ones,
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:14
while another proposed design features two sets of wings
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‘ ์Œ์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์•„
04:18
producing waves that cancel each other out.
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์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ์‡„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
And new technologies may solve the energy efficiency problem
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
with alternative and synthetic fuels, or even hybrid-electric planes.
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๋Œ€์ฒด ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ, ํ˜น์€ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:32
It may yet turn out that the last few decades of steady flying
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋А๋ฆฐ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์€
04:36
were just a brief rest stop.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ž ์‹œ ์‰ฌ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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