Did ancient Troy really exist? - Einav Zamir Dembin

2,025,275 views ใƒป 2018-07-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:08
When Homerโ€™s Iliad was first written down in the 8th century BCE,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื” 8 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:12
the story of the Trojan war was already an old one.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืชื™ืง.
00:16
From existing oral tradition,
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ืžืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”,
00:17
audiences knew the tales of the long siege,
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ืงื”ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš,
00:20
the epic duels outside the city walls,
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ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ,
00:23
and the cunning trick that finally won the war.
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ื•ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ืžื—ื•ื›ื ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
00:26
In the end, the magnificent city was burned to the ground,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื ืฉืจืคื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
00:29
never to rise again.
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ื•ืœื ืฆืžื—ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
00:31
But had it ever existed?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื”?
00:34
By the time the field of archaeology began to take shape in the 19th century,
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ืขื“ ืฉืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19,
00:39
many were skeptical, considering the epic to be pure fiction,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืงื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜,
00:43
a founding myth imagining a bygone heroic era.
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ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
00:47
But some scholars believed
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื•
00:48
that behind the superhuman feats and divine miracles
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ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื
00:51
there must have been a grain of historical truth -
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช -
00:54
a war that was really fought,
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ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื”,
00:56
and a place where it happened.
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ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”.
00:58
Frank Calvert was one such believer.
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ืคืจื ืง ืงืœื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื”.
01:01
He had spent his youth traveling and learning about ancient civilizations
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
01:05
before accompanying his brother Frederick
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืœื•ื•ื” ืœืื—ื™ื• ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง
01:07
on a diplomatic mission to the northwest Anatolian region of ร‡anakkale.
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ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื ืืงืœื”.
01:11
It was here that Homer described the Greek encampment
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™
01:14
at the mouth of the Scamander river.
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ื‘ืฉืคืš ื ื”ืจ ื”ืกืงืžื ื“ืจ.
01:17
And it was here that fate brought Frank into contact
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืคืจื ืง ืœืงืฉืจ
01:20
with a journalist and geologist named Charles Maclaren.
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ืขื ืขืชื•ื ืื™ ื•ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืžืงืœืืจืŸ.
01:24
Locals and travelers had long speculated
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ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขืจื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
01:26
that Troy mightโ€™ve stood on one of the surrounding hilltops.
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ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช.
01:29
But Maclaren had been one of the first
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืงืœืืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:32
to publish a detailed topographical study of the area.
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ืœืคืจืกื ืžื—ืงืจ ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ.
01:35
He believed he had found the site โ€“
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืืชืจ --
01:37
a 32-meter mound known by the name Hisarlฤฑk,
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ืชืœ ืฉืœ 32 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื”ื™ืกืจืœื™ืง,
01:41
derived from the Turkish word for โ€œfortress.โ€
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ืœืžื‘ืฆืจ.
01:43
Soon after meeting with him in 1847,
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ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืื™ืชื• ื‘ 1847,
01:46
the Calverts bought 2,000 acres of farmland
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ื‘ื ื™ ืงืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืงื ื• 8 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžืช ื—ื•ื•ื”
01:48
that included part of the hill.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืœ.
01:51
Before they could explore any further,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:53
the Crimean War broke out
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ืงืจื™ื ืคืจืฆื”
01:54
and forestalled their archaeological ambitions for several years.
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ื•ืขืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
01:58
After the warโ€™s end,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
02:00
Frank Calvert began to survey the site,
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ืคืจื ืง ืงืœื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ืกืงืจ ื”ืืชืจ,
02:02
but lacked the funds for a full excavation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืœื• ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช.
02:05
This was where the wealthy German businessman
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ืฉื ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ
02:07
and amateur archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann came in.
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ื•ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ื ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื™ืžืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
02:12
At Calvertโ€™s invitation,
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ื‘ื”ื–ืžื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืืœื‘ืจื˜,
02:13
Schliemann visited the grounds in 1868, and decided to excavate.
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ืฉืœื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ 1868, ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช.
02:18
Eager to find the ancient city,
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ืœื”ื•ื˜ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
02:20
Schliemann tore massive trenches all the way to the base of the hill.
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ืฉืœื™ืžืŸ ื—ืคืจ ืฉื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชืœ.
02:24
There, he uncovered a hoard of precious artifacts,
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ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืขืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžืคื–,
02:27
jewelry,
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ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื,
02:28
and metalwork,
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ื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžืชื›ืช,
02:29
including two diadems and a copper shield.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ื ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžื’ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช.
02:32
Schliemann took full credit for the discovery,
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ืฉืœื™ืžืŸ ืœืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™,
02:34
announcing that he had found Troy
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”
02:36
and the treasure of its king Priam.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืคืจื™ืืžื•ืก.
02:38
But the real treasure was elsewhere.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
02:40
When later archaeologists studied the site,
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ื›ืฉืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืืชืจ,
02:43
they realized that the mound consisted of no less than nine cities,
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืชืœ ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชืฉืข ืขืจื™ื,
02:47
each built atop the ruins of the last.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžืชื”.
02:50
The layer Schliemann had uncovered dated back to the Mycenaean Age,
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืฉืœื™ืžืŸ ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืกื™ื ื™ืืŸ,
02:54
more than 1,000 years too early for Homer.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1000 ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก.
02:57
But inside the mound was indeed evidence
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ืจืื™ื•ืช
02:59
for a city that had thrived during the Bronze Age,
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ืœืขื™ืจ ืฉืฉื’ืฉื’ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”,
03:02
with charred stone,
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ืขื ืื‘ื ื™ื ื—ืจื•ื›ื•ืช,
03:03
broken arrowheads,
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ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืจื™ื,
03:05
and damaged human skeletons suggesting a violent end.
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ื•ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืกื•ืฃ ืืœื™ื.
03:09
It was Troy VII, contained in the middle layers
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื•ื›ืœืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื•ืช
03:12
and now ravaged for a second time by Schliemannโ€™s careless excavation.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื‘ื–ื–ืช ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืžืŸ.
03:17
The settlement, spanning some 200,000 square meters
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ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืฉื˜ื—ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 200,000 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื
03:20
and home to as many as 10,000 people,
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ื•ืฉื™ื›ืŸ ืขื“ 10,000 ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:23
thrived until around 1180 BCE.
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ืฉื’ืฉื’ ืขื“ ื‘ืขืจืš 1180 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:26
Its position at the southern entrance of the Dardanelles strait
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื™ืฆืจื™ ื”ื“ืจื ื“ืœื™ื
03:29
wouldโ€™ve made a formidable strategic location for both defense and trade.
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืžื™ืงื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื’ื ืœืกื—ืจ.
03:34
Most importantly, there are the remains of a massive fortification wall โ€“
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืช ืžื’ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช --
03:38
perhaps the very same one
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ืื—ืช
03:40
from which Priam and Hector once watched the Greeks approach.
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ืžืžื ื” ืคืจื™ืื ื•ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฆืคื• ืคืขื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื.
03:44
Of course, itโ€™s difficult to be certain
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
03:46
that these ruins are the true remains of ancient Troy,
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
03:50
and scholars still dispute
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ื•ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื
03:51
whether the Trojan War as described by Homer ever happened.
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ืื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื•ืืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”.
03:55
Yet the evidence is strong enough
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
03:57
that UNESCO has labelled Hisarlฤฑk the archeological site of Troy.
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ืฉ UNESCO ืชื™ื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจืœื™ืง ื›ืืชืจ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”.
04:01
Regardless of its identity,
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
04:03
thanks to persistence,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื“ื”,
04:04
a bit of faith,
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ืžืขื˜ ืืžื•ื ื”,
04:05
and a lot of research,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืงืจ,
04:07
archaeologists are bringing the long-buried secrets
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ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
04:10
of an ancient, lost city to light.
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ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืื•ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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