Why do we sweat? - John Murnan

1,333,645 views ใƒป 2018-05-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
The finish line's in sight and you put on an extra burst of speed.
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ืงื• ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ื•ืืชื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:12
As your legs pick up the pace, your breathing gets deeper,
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘, ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื”,
00:15
your heart pounds faster,
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ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืคื•ืขื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:17
and sweat pours over your skin.
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ื•ื”ื–ื™ืขื” ื–ื•ืจืžืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื.
00:20
How does this substance suddenly materialize
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ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืคืชืื•ื
00:23
and what exactly is its purpose?
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื•?
00:26
There are a number of scenarios that can make us sweat:
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื–ื™ืข:
00:29
eating spicy foods,
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ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ,
00:30
nervousness,
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ืขืฆื‘ื ื•ืช,
00:31
and when we're sick.
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
00:33
But exercise is probably the most familiar and common.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:37
In that case, sweating happens as a response to movement
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื–ืขื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื”
00:41
triggered deep inside your cells.
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ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื.
00:43
As you increase your pace, your muscles work harder,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘, ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:47
increasing their demand for energy.
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
00:49
A process called cellular respiration
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืชืื™ืช
00:52
consumes glucose and oxygen to form ATP,
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ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ATP,
00:56
the energy currency of the cell.
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ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื.
01:00
Much of this process takes place in structures called mitochondria.
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ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื”.
01:05
The more you move,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ื ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:07
the harder mitochondria work to supply your body with energy.
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ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:11
All this work comes at a cost, though.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขื ื–ืืช.
01:14
As the cells break down the ATP, they release heat.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื” ATP, ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื—ื•ื.
01:18
The heat stimulates temperature sensors throughout your body.
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ื”ื—ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:23
Those receptors detect the excess heat being produced by your muscle cells
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ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื›ื
01:27
and communicate that information to the hypothalamus,
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ื•ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก,
01:30
which regulates body temperature.
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ืฉืžื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:32
The hypothalamus responds
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ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ืžื’ื™ื‘
01:34
by sending signals out through the sympathetic nervous system
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ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื˜ื™ืช
01:37
to the sweat glands in your skin.
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ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:40
These are distributed all over the body
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ืืœื” ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:42
with especially high concentrations on the palms of your hands,
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ืขื ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
01:46
the soles of your feet,
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ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื,
01:48
and on your head.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
01:50
When a sweat gland first receives the signal,
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ื›ืฉื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื–ื™ืขื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืช,
01:52
the fluid surrounding the cells in its coiled base
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ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืกืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœื”
01:56
contains high amounts of sodium and chloride.
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชืจืŸ ื•ื›ืœื•ืจ.
01:59
The cells pump these ions into a hollow tube
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืœื”
02:03
that runs through the sweat gland.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ื–ื™ืขื”.
02:06
Then, because it's saltier inside the tube than outside,
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ืื–, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
02:09
water moves into the tube by osmosis.
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ืžื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืกืžื•ื–ื”.
02:13
As what's called the primary secretion builds up in the bottom of the tube,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช,
02:18
water pressure pushes it up into the long straight part of the duct.
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ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช.
02:24
Before it seeps onto the skin,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ,
02:25
cells lining the tube will reclaim as much salt as possible
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ืชืื™ื ืฉืžืจืคื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื— ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ
02:29
so the process can continue.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš.
02:32
The water in sweat absorbs your body's heat energy
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ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืขื” ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
02:35
and then evaporates off of you when it reaches the surface,
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ื•ืื– ืžืชืื“ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
02:39
which in turn lowers your temperature.
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ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
02:43
This process, known as evaporative cooling,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื“ื•ื™,
02:46
was an important adaptation for our ancestors.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
02:49
This cooling effect isn't only helpful during exercise.
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ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช.
02:53
We sweat in many other scenarios, too.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:56
Eating particularly spicy food makes some people sweat profusely from their faces.
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ืื‘ื™ืœืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืคื ื™ื.
03:02
That happens because spices trigger the same neural response in the brain
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—
03:06
that activates temperature receptors, which usually respond to increased heat.
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ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
03:12
Sweating is also part of the fight or flight response
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ื”ื–ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”"ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—"
03:15
stimulated by stressful scenarios, like asking someone on a date
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ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ืžื ืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืœื“ื™ื™ื˜
03:19
or interviewing for a job.
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ืื• ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
03:22
This happens because adrenaline stimulates muscle activity
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ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื
03:25
and causes blood vessels to widen,
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘,
03:28
two responses that increase heat and trigger the sweating response.
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ืฉืชื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื–ืขื”.
03:33
And sweating also occurs when we get sick.
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ื•ื”ื–ืขื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื’ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
03:36
When we're feverish, we sweat because infections
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
03:39
stimulate the hypothalamus to increase muscle activity,
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ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
03:43
which in turn releases more energy as heat.
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื—ื•ื.
03:46
That increases your overall temperature,
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:49
a protective mechanism that makes your body less habitable for infectious agents.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื ืชื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืงื™ื.
03:54
Like with running, sweating helps your body vent that heat.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ืฆื”, ื”ื–ืขื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืื•ื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
03:58
When the fever's over or you've won your race,
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื• ื›ืฉื–ื›ื™ืชื ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ,
04:00
your temperature receptors sense the decrease in heat
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ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื—ืฉื™ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื
04:03
and the hypothalamus brings your sweating response to an end.
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื–ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื.
04:08
In some cases, like after a run,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืื—ืจื™ ืจื™ืฆื”,
04:10
the hypothalamus also signals to your body
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ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ื’ื ืžืื•ืชืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
04:13
that you need to replenish the water that you've oozed out.
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ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื–ืขืชื.
04:16
So, when you're pushing yourself to reach that next goal,
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ืื–, ื›ืฉืืชื ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
04:19
you can think of sweat as your body's very own calibrator,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืขื” ื›ืžื›ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
04:23
enabling you to go that extra mile.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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