Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man of math - James Earle

2,464,776 views ใƒป 2013-07-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:15
This image of the Vitruvian Man, taken from Leonardo's sketches,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื•ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™,
ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื•,
00:18
has become one of the most recognizable symbols of the Renaissance.
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื
ืฉืœ ื”ืจื ืกื ืก.
00:21
But why?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื”?
ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืขื˜ ื•ื“ื™ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:23
It's a simple pen and ink drawing, right?
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ื˜ืขื•ืช!
00:25
Wrong!
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00:26
Let's start to answer this question with a math problem.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•
ืขื ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ.
00:29
I know how to calculate the area of a circle.
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ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™
00:31
I take the value for pi and multiply it by the radius squared.
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ื•ืžื›ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข.
00:34
I also know how to take the area of a square.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข.
00:36
I multiply the base by itself.
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
00:39
But how can I take the area of a circle and create a square with an equal area?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ
ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื˜ื—?
00:43
This is a problem often called "squaring a circle"
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื ืจืืช ืœืจื•ื‘ "ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ"
ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง.
00:46
that was first proposed in the ancient world.
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00:48
And like many ideas of the ancient world,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง,
ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื ืกื ืก.
00:50
it was given new life during the Renaissance.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ,
00:52
As it turns out, this problem is impossible to solve
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ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™,
00:55
because of the nature of pi,
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00:56
but that's another story.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
00:57
Leonardo's sketch,
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ื”ืื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื•,
ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื
00:59
which is influenced by the writings of the Roman architect, Vitruvius,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™, ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืก,
ืฉื ืื“ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–
01:02
places a man firmly at the center of a circle and a square.
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ืฉืœ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข.
01:05
Vitruvius claimed the navel is the center of the human body
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ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืก ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ
ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
01:08
and that if one takes a compass and places the fixed point on the navel,
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ื•ืฉืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื’ื”
ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ,
01:11
a circle can be drawn perfectly around the body.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:14
Additionally, Vitruvius recognized that arm span and height
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืก ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
ืฉืžืคืชื— ื”ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”
01:17
have a nearly perfect correspondence in the human body,
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ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื,
01:19
thus placing the body perfectly inside a square as well.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
01:22
Leonardo used the ideas of Vitruvius
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ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืก
01:24
to solve the problem of squaring a circle metaphorically
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™
01:27
using mankind as the area for both shapes.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช.
ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืก ืขื ื–ืืช.
01:30
Leonardo wasn't just thinking about Vitruvius, though.
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01:32
There was an intellectual movement in Italy at the time called Neoplatonism.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช
ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื ืื•ืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื–ื.
01:36
This movement took an old concept from the 4th century
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืงื—ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ
ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
01:39
developed by Plato and Aristotle,
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01:40
called "The Great Chain of Being."
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ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื".
01:42
This belief holds that the universe has a hierarchy resembling a chain,
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื”
ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืจืฉืจืช,
01:45
and that chain starts at the top with God,
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ื•ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืขื ื”ืืœื™ื,
ืื– ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื,
01:48
then travels down through the angels, planets, stars, and all lifeforms
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ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืขื ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ.
01:52
before ending with demons and devils.
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01:54
Early in this philosophic movement,
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ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช
01:56
it was thought that mankind's place in this chain was exactly in the center.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
01:59
Because humans have a mortal body accompanied by an immortal soul,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื™
ืฉืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ืืœื™ื• ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ืช ืืœืžื•ื•ืช,
02:03
we divide the universe nicely in half.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืคื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
02:05
Around the time Leonardo sketched the Vitruvian Man, however,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ืฆื™ื™ืจ
ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™, ืขื ื–ืืช,
02:08
a Neoplatonist named Pico Della Mirandola had a different idea.
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ืœื ืื•ืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืคื™ืงื• ื“ืœื” ืžื™ืจื ื“ื•ืœื”
ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
02:12
He pried mankind off the chain
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช
ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
02:14
and claimed that humans have a unique ability
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ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
02:16
to take any position they want.
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02:17
Pico claimed that God desired a being capable of comprehending
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ืคื™ืงื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืจืฆื”
ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:20
the beautiful and complicated universe he had created.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ.
02:23
This led to the creation of mankind,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
02:25
which he placed at the center of the universe
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ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื
02:27
with the ability to take whatever form he pleases.
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ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืชืจืฆื”.
02:30
Mankind, according to Pico,
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืœืคื™ ืคื™ืงื•,
02:32
could crawl down the chain and behave like an animal
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื•ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื”
02:34
or crawl up the chain and behave like a god,
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ืื• ืœื˜ืคืก ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื•ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืืœ,
ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:37
it's our choice.
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02:38
Looking back at the sketch,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื•ืจ,
02:39
we can see that by changing the position of the man,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื,
ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืจื™ืงื™ื
02:42
he can fill the irreconcilable areas of a circle and a square.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข.
02:45
If geometry is the language the universe is written in,
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ืื ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”,
02:47
then this sketch seems to say we can exist within all its elements.
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื™ื•ืจ ืื•ืžืจ
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•.
ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืœื ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื”
02:51
Mankind can fill whatever shape he pleases geometrically
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช
02:53
and philosophically as well.
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ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
02:55
In this one sketch, Leonardo was able to combine
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ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”,
ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื‘
02:57
the mathematics, religion, philosophy, architecture,
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ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
ื”ื“ืช,
ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”,
ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”,
03:00
and artistic skill of his age.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•.
03:02
No wonder it has become such an icon for the entire time period.
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื›ื–ื” ืื™ืงื•ืŸ
ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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