Do animals have language? - Michele Bishop

2,351,835 views ใƒป 2015-09-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
All animals communicate.
0
7192
1989
ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช.
00:09
Crabs wave their claws at each other to signal that they're healthy
1
9181
3464
ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืžื ืคื ืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืชืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื
00:12
and ready to mate.
2
12645
1319
ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’.
00:13
Cuttlefish use pigmented skin cells called chromatophores
3
13964
3504
ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื
00:17
to create patterns on their skin that act as camouflage
4
17468
4088
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืื”
00:21
or warnings to rivals.
5
21556
1920
ืื• ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื.
00:23
Honeybees perform complex dances
6
23476
2413
ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
00:25
to let other bees know the location and quality of a food source.
7
25889
5172
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ.
00:31
All of these animals have impressive communication systems,
8
31061
3828
ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช,
00:34
but do they have language?
9
34889
2377
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉืคื”?
00:37
To answer that question,
10
37266
1289
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”,
00:38
we can look at four specific qualities that are often associated with language:
11
38555
4497
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืคื”:
00:43
discreteness,
12
43052
1180
ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช,
00:44
grammar,
13
44232
2124
ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ,
00:46
productivity,
14
46356
1698
ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช,
00:48
and displacement.
15
48054
2126
ื•ื”ืขืชืงื”.
00:50
Discreteness means that there is a set of individual units,
16
50180
3150
ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช,
00:53
such as sounds or words,
17
53330
2143
ื›ืžื• ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื,
00:55
that can be combined to communicate new ideas,
18
55473
3571
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
00:59
like a set of refrigerator poetry magnets you can rearrange
19
59044
3114
ื›ืžื• ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืžืงืจืจ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
01:02
to create different phrases.
20
62158
2348
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:04
Grammar provides a system of rules
21
64506
1927
ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกืคืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื
01:06
that tells you how to combine those individual units.
22
66433
3408
ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
01:09
Productivity is the ability to use language
23
69841
3113
ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื”
01:12
to create an infinite number of messages.
24
72954
3988
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื.
01:16
And displacement is the ability to talk about things
25
76942
2856
ื•ื”ืขืชืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:19
that aren't right in front of you,
26
79798
1924
ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืœื›ื,
01:21
such as past, future, or fictional events.
27
81722
4087
ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืื• ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
01:25
So, does animal communication exhibit any of these qualities?
28
85809
4236
ืื–, ื”ืื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
01:30
For crabs and cuttlefish, the answer is no.
29
90045
3052
ืœืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื.
01:33
They don't combine their signals in creative ways.
30
93097
3216
ื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
01:36
Those signals also don't have to be in a grammatical order,
31
96313
3434
ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจื™,
01:39
and they only communicate current conditions,
32
99747
2957
ื•ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืจืง ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:42
like, "I am healthy," or "I am poisonous."
33
102704
3471
ื›ืžื•, "ืื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื," ืื• "ืื ื™ ืืจืกื™."
01:46
But some animals actually do display some of these properties.
34
106175
4272
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:50
Bees use the moves, angle, duration, and intensity of their waggle dance
35
110447
5111
ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช, ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฉืš, ื•ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื ืขื ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
01:55
to describe the location and richness of a food source.
36
115558
4136
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:59
That source is outside the hive,
37
119694
2226
ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื•ื•ืจืช,
02:01
so they exhibit the property of displacement.
38
121920
3270
ืื– ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชืงื”.
02:05
They share that language trait with prairie dogs,
39
125190
3218
ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ ืขืจื‘ื”,
02:08
which live in towns of thousands,
40
128408
2086
ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ื,
02:10
and are hunted by coyotes, hawks, badgers, snakes, and humans.
41
130494
5662
ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื ื™ืฆื™ื, ื’ื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:16
Their alarms calls indicate the predator's size, shape, speed,
42
136156
4461
ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืจืื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ืฆื•ืจื”, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:20
and, even for human predators, what the person is wearing
43
140617
4215
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ืžื” ื”ืื“ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉ
02:24
and if he's carrying a gun.
44
144832
2761
ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืจื•ื‘ื”.
02:27
Great apes, like chimps and gorillas, are great communicators, too.
45
147593
4172
ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช, ื’ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
02:31
Some have even learned a modified sign language.
46
151765
2891
ื›ืžื” ืœืžื“ื• ืฉืคืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžืช.
02:34
A chimpanzee named Washoe demonstrated discreteness
47
154656
3857
ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ื•ืฉื• ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช
02:38
by combining multiple signs into original phrases,
48
158513
3605
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื,
02:42
like, "Please open. Hurry."
49
162118
2304
ื›ืžื•, "ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคืชื•ื—. ืžื”ืจ."
02:44
Coco, a female gorilla who understands more than 1000 signs,
50
164422
4136
ืงื•ืงื•, ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ื ืงื‘ื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1000 ืกื™ืžื ื™ื,
02:48
and around 2000 words of spoken English
51
168558
3178
ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 2000 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช
02:51
referred to a beloved kitten that had died.
52
171736
3156
ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื—ืชืœืชื•ืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืžืช.
02:54
In doing so, she displayed displacement,
53
174892
2622
ื‘ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืชืงื”,
02:57
though it's worth noting that the apes in both of these examples
54
177514
3003
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
03:00
were using a human communication system,
55
180517
2985
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
03:03
not one that appeared naturally in the wild.
56
183502
3146
ืœื ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
03:06
There are many other examples of sophisticated animal communication,
57
186648
3719
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
03:10
such as in dolphins,
58
190367
1349
ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื,
03:11
which use whistles to identify age, location, names, and gender.
59
191716
5726
ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ, ืžื™ืงื•ื, ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•ืžื™ืŸ.
03:17
They can also understand some grammar
60
197442
1928
ื”ื ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ
03:19
in a gestural language researchers use to communicate with them.
61
199370
4111
ื‘ืฉืคืช ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื.
03:23
However, grammar is not seen in the dolphin's natural communication.
62
203481
4866
ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื.
03:28
While these communication systems
63
208347
1657
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืืœื•
03:30
may have some of the qualities of language we've identified,
64
210004
3435
ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื•,
03:33
none display all four.
65
213439
2474
ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื‘ืข.
03:35
Even Washoe and Coco's impressive abilities are still outpaced
66
215913
4089
ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืฉื• ื•ืงื•ืงื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช
03:40
by the language skills of most three-year-old humans.
67
220002
3888
ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
03:43
And animals' topics of conversation are usually limited.
68
223890
3273
ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื.
03:47
Bees talk about food,
69
227163
1509
ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ,
03:48
prairie dogs talk about predators,
70
228672
2127
ื›ืœื‘ื™ ืขืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
03:50
and crabs talk about themselves.
71
230799
3112
ื•ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื.
03:53
Human language stands alone
72
233911
2285
ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ื“
03:56
due to the powerful combination of grammar and productivity,
73
236196
3855
ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช,
04:00
on top of discreteness and displacement.
74
240051
3254
ืžืขืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืชืงื”.
04:03
The human brain can take a finite number of elements
75
243305
2575
ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื
04:05
and create an infinite number of messages.
76
245880
2984
ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื.
04:08
We can craft and understand complex sentences,
77
248864
2697
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
04:11
as well as words that have never been spoken before.
78
251561
3443
ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
04:15
We can use language to communicate about an endless range of subjects,
79
255004
3572
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื—ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื,
04:18
talk about imaginary things,
80
258576
2018
ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื,
04:20
and even lie.
81
260594
2156
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉืงืจ.
04:22
Research continues to reveal more and more about animal communication.
82
262750
4346
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
04:27
It may turn out that human language and animal communication
83
267096
3687
ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ืช
04:30
aren't entirely different but exist on a continuum.
84
270783
3666
ืœื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืœื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืฆืฃ.
04:34
After all, we are all animals.
85
274449
2472
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7