Do animals have language? - Michele Bishop

2,329,779 views ・ 2015-09-10

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Won Jang κ²€ν† : Yangha Kim
00:07
All animals communicate.
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λͺ¨λ“  동물은 μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:09
Crabs wave their claws at each other to signal that they're healthy
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κ²Œλ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘œ μ§‘κ²Œλ°œμ„ 흔듀며 건강함과 짝짓기할 μ€€λΉ„κ°€
00:12
and ready to mate.
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λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
Cuttlefish use pigmented skin cells called chromatophores
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κ°‘μ˜€μ§•μ–΄λ“€μ€ μƒ‰μ†Œμ²΄λΌ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” μœ μƒ‰μ˜ 피뢀세포λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
00:17
to create patterns on their skin that act as camouflage
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μ™Έν”Όμ˜ 무늬λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ” μœ„μž₯ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
00:21
or warnings to rivals.
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경쟁자λ₯Ό μœ„ν˜‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
Honeybees perform complex dances
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κΏ€λ²Œλ“€μ€ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 좀을 좀으둜써
00:25
to let other bees know the location and quality of a food source.
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λ™λ£Œλ“€μ—κ²Œ 먹이의 μœ„μΉ˜μ™€ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μ•Œλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
All of these animals have impressive communication systems,
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이런 λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅λ°©μ‹μ€ λͺ¨λ‘ κ½€ μΈμƒμ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
but do they have language?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 동물듀도 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ‚¬ν• κΉŒμš”?
00:37
To answer that question,
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이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€λ‹΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
00:38
we can look at four specific qualities that are often associated with language:
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언어와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ‹€μŒμ˜ λ„€ 가지 νŠΉμ§•μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:43
discreteness,
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뢄리성
00:44
grammar,
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문법
00:46
productivity,
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생산성
00:48
and displacement.
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그리고 μ „μœ„μ„±μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œμš”.
00:50
Discreteness means that there is a set of individual units,
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λΆ„λ¦¬μ„±μ΄λž€ μŒμ ˆμ΄λ‚˜ λ‹¨μ–΄μ²˜λŸΌ
00:53
such as sounds or words,
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λΆ„λ¦¬λœ λ‹¨μœ„λ₯Ό μ‘°ν•©ν•΄
00:55
that can be combined to communicate new ideas,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 의미λ₯Ό 전달할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λœ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
like a set of refrigerator poetry magnets you can rearrange
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냉μž₯고에 λΆ™μ΄λŠ” μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³ μžμ„μ„ μ‘°ν•©ν•΄μ„œ
01:02
to create different phrases.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έμž₯을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것과 같은 이치죠.
01:04
Grammar provides a system of rules
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문법은 κ·œμΉ™ 체계λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜μ—¬
01:06
that tells you how to combine those individual units.
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각 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ μ‘°ν•©ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
Productivity is the ability to use language
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μƒμ‚°μ„±μ΄λž€ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
01:12
to create an infinite number of messages.
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λ¬΄ν•œν•œ λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
And displacement is the ability to talk about things
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μ „μœ„μ„±μ€ κ³Όκ±°, 미래, κ°€μƒμ˜ μ‚¬κ±΄μ²˜λŸΌ
01:19
that aren't right in front of you,
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λ°”λ‘œ λˆˆμ•žμ— μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ€ 것에 λŒ€ν•΄
01:21
such as past, future, or fictional events.
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이야기할 수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 λœ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
So, does animal communication exhibit any of these qualities?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ λ™λ¬Όμ˜ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅λ„ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€„κΉŒμš”?
01:30
For crabs and cuttlefish, the answer is no.
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κ²Œμ™€ κ°‘μ˜€μ§•μ–΄μ˜ 경우 κ·Έ 닡은 'μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€'μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
They don't combine their signals in creative ways.
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κ²Œμ™€ κ°‘μ˜€μ§•μ–΄λŠ” 창의적인 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ‘°ν•©ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
Those signals also don't have to be in a grammatical order,
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λ˜ν•œ κ·Έ μ‹ ν˜Έμ— 문법적인 μ–΄μˆœλ„ μ •ν•΄μ Έ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
01:39
and they only communicate current conditions,
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ν˜„μž¬μ˜ μƒν™©λ§Œ 전달할 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
01:42
like, "I am healthy," or "I am poisonous."
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"λ‚œ 건강해", "λ‚œ 독성이 μžˆμ–΄" 같은 κ±°μ£ .
01:46
But some animals actually do display some of these properties.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–€ 동물은 μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ μΌλΆ€νŠΉμ§•μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
Bees use the moves, angle, duration, and intensity of their waggle dance
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λ²Œλ“€μ€ 좀의 μ›€μ§μž„, 각도, μ§€μ†μ‹œκ°„, 강도λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
01:55
to describe the location and richness of a food source.
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먹이의 μœ„μΉ˜μ™€ 양을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
That source is outside the hive,
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μ΄λ•Œ 벌의 먹이가 λ²Œμ§‘ 밖에 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ
02:01
so they exhibit the property of displacement.
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λ²Œλ“€μ€ μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ μ „μœ„μ„±μ„ κ΅¬ν˜„ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
They share that language trait with prairie dogs,
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이것은 ν”„λ ˆλ¦¬λ…μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
which live in towns of thousands,
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ν”„λ ˆλ””λ…μ€ 큰 무리λ₯Ό μ§€μ–΄μ„œ μ‚΄κ³ 
02:10
and are hunted by coyotes, hawks, badgers, snakes, and humans.
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μ½”μš”ν…Œλ‚˜, 맀 , μ˜€μ†Œλ¦¬, λ±€, μΈκ°„μ˜ 사λƒ₯감이 λ˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
02:16
Their alarms calls indicate the predator's size, shape, speed,
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λ…€μ„λ“€μ˜ μšΈμŒμ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” ν¬μ‹μžμ˜ 크기, λͺ¨μ–‘, 속도λ₯Ό μ•Œλ €μ£Όλ©°
02:20
and, even for human predators, what the person is wearing
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μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μ„ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 뭘 μž…κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘ 
02:24
and if he's carrying a gun.
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총을 λ“€κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€κΉŒμ§€λ„ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
Great apes, like chimps and gorillas, are great communicators, too.
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μΉ¨νŒ¬μ§€λ‚˜ 고릴라 같은 λŒ€ν˜• μœ μΈμ›λ“€λ„ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ²΄κ³„λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
Some have even learned a modified sign language.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ μœ μΈμ›λ“€μ€ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μˆ˜ν™”λ₯Ό λ°°μš°κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
A chimpanzee named Washoe demonstrated discreteness
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와쇼라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” ν•œ μΉ¨νŒ¬μ§€λŠ” λͺ‡ 가지 μ†λ™μž‘μ„ μ‘°ν•©ν•΄μ„œ
02:38
by combining multiple signs into original phrases,
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독창적인 κ΅¬μ ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ„μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 뢄리성을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
like, "Please open. Hurry."
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"빨리 μ—΄μ–΄μ£Όμ„Έμš”."와 같은 ν‘œν˜„μ„ ν•  수 μžˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
02:44
Coco, a female gorilla who understands more than 1000 signs,
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1,000κ°œκ°€ λ„˜λŠ” μˆ˜μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ 
02:48
and around 2000 words of spoken English
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λŒ€λž΅ 2,000개의 μ˜μ–΄ 단어λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ“£λŠ” μ•”μ»· 고릴라 μ½”μ½”λŠ”
02:51
referred to a beloved kitten that had died.
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μžμ‹ μ΄ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λ˜ 죽은 고양이에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
In doing so, she displayed displacement,
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이 κ²½μš°λ„ μ „μœ„μ„±μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€¬μ§€λ§Œ
02:57
though it's worth noting that the apes in both of these examples
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와쇼와 μ½”μ½” 두 μœ μΈμ› λͺ¨λ‘
03:00
were using a human communication system,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ²΄κ³„λ₯Ό λΉŒλ €μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•œ 것이지
03:03
not one that appeared naturally in the wild.
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μ•Όμƒμ—μ„œ μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμƒλœ 체계λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
There are many other examples of sophisticated animal communication,
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이 외에도 μ •κ΅ν•œ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ„ ν•˜λŠ” λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ μ˜ˆλŠ” 더 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
such as in dolphins,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λŒκ³ λž˜λŠ”
03:11
which use whistles to identify age, location, names, and gender.
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νœ˜νŒŒλžŒμ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ λ‚˜μ΄, μœ„μΉ˜, 이름, 성별을 μ‹λ³„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
They can also understand some grammar
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λ˜ν•œ λŒκ³ λž˜λ“€μ€ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”
03:19
in a gestural language researchers use to communicate with them.
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μˆ˜ν™”μ˜ 문법을 μ–΄λŠ 정도 μ΄ν•΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
However, grammar is not seen in the dolphin's natural communication.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μžμ—°μƒνƒœμ˜ λŒκ³ λž˜λŠ” 이런 문법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
While these communication systems
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이런 λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ²΄κ³„κ°€
03:30
may have some of the qualities of language we've identified,
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μ•žμ„œ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έ μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ νŠΉμ„± 쀑 λͺ‡ 가지와 μΌμΉ˜ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
03:33
none display all four.
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λ„€ 가지λ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘ λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
Even Washoe and Coco's impressive abilities are still outpaced
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심지어 감탄을 μžμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” μ™€μ‡Όλ‚˜ μ½”μ½”μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄ λŠ₯λ ₯도
03:40
by the language skills of most three-year-old humans.
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λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ μ„Έ μ‚΄λ°°κΈ° μ•„μ΄μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄ λŠ₯λ ₯보닀 λ’€μ²˜μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
And animals' topics of conversation are usually limited.
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ λŒ€ν™” μ£Όμ œλŠ” 보톡 μ œν•œλ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
Bees talk about food,
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λ²Œλ“€μ€ μŒμ‹μ— λŒ€ν•΄
03:48
prairie dogs talk about predators,
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ν”„λ ˆλ¦¬λ…μ€ ν¬μ‹μžμ— λŒ€ν•΄
03:50
and crabs talk about themselves.
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κ²Œλ“€μ€ μžμ‹ λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
Human language stands alone
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μΈκ°„μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” 단연 λ…λ³΄μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
due to the powerful combination of grammar and productivity,
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뢄리성, μ „μœ„μ„±μ— 문법과 μƒμ‚°μ„±κΉŒμ§€
04:00
on top of discreteness and displacement.
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λͺ¨λ‘ κ°–μ·„κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
04:03
The human brain can take a finite number of elements
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μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‘λ‡ŒλŠ” ν•œμ •λœ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ 가지고
04:05
and create an infinite number of messages.
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λ¬΄ν•œν•œ λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
We can craft and understand complex sentences,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:11
as well as words that have never been spoken before.
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처음 λ“€μ–΄λ³΄λŠ” 단어도 λ§Œλ“€κ³  이해할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
We can use language to communicate about an endless range of subjects,
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우리 인간은 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 주제λ₯Ό λ‹€λ£° 수 있고
04:18
talk about imaginary things,
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μƒμƒν•˜λŠ” 것듀에 κ΄€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³ 
04:20
and even lie.
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κ±°μ§“λ§κΉŒμ§€λ„ ν•  수 있죠.
04:22
Research continues to reveal more and more about animal communication.
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λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 사싀이 계속 λ°ν˜€μ§€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
It may turn out that human language and animal communication
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μ–Έμ  κ°€λŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ 언어와 λ™λ¬Όμ˜ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ΄
04:30
aren't entirely different but exist on a continuum.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 같은 μ—°μž₯선에 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ°ν˜€μ§ˆμ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
After all, we are all animals.
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따지고 보면 μš°λ¦¬λ„ λ™λ¬Όμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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