Vampires: Folklore, fantasy and fact - Michael Molina

3,804,996 views ใƒป 2013-10-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:13
Good evening!
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ืขืจื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘!
00:15
What's the matter?
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ืžื” ืงืจื”?
00:16
Are you afraid of vampires?
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ืืชื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืคื“ื™ื?
00:19
He he, no need to worry,
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ื—ื” ื—ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืื•ื’,
00:21
I'm not staying for dinner.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘.
00:23
(Laughter)
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ืื”ืื”ืื”. ืื ื™ ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืชื›ื
00:24
I'm here to guide you through a brief history of vampires,
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ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืคื“ื™ื,
00:28
illustrating how our image has changed
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ืฉืžืชืืจืช ืื™ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”
00:30
from a shambling corpse
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ืžื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืจื•ืคืคื•ืช
00:33
to the dapper gentleman you see before you.
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ืœื’'ื ื˜ืœืžืŸ ื”ืžื’ื•ื ื“ืจ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื›ื.
00:36
Vampires are nearly as old as you humans.
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ืขืจืคื“ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
00:39
Stories about us, revenants,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื”
00:42
appear in cultures extending as far back as prehistoric times.
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ืจื—ื•ืง ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืคืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
00:46
But we weren't called vampires back then
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ืงืจืื ื• ืขืจืคื“ื™ื ืื–
00:49
and most of us did not look the way we imagine vampires today.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ื ืจืื ื• ื›ืžื•
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจืคื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:54
Ha, far from it!
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ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื”!
00:56
For example, the Mesopotamian Lamashtu
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืœืžืฉื˜ื• ืžืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื”
00:59
was a creature with the head of a lion and the body of the donkey,
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืจื™ื”
ื•ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ,
01:03
and the ancient Greek striges
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ื’ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง
01:05
were simply described as bloodthirsty birds.
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ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฆืžืื•ืช ืœื“ื.
01:09
Others were even stranger.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:11
The Philippine manananggal would sever her upper torso
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ื”ืžื ื ื ื’ืื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื•ื˜ืขืช ืืช ืคืœื’ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”
01:15
and sprout huge, bat-like wings to fly.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื’ื“ืœืช ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื˜ืœืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืฃ.
01:19
The Malaysian penanggalan was a flying female head
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ื”ืคื ื ื’ืœืŸ ื”ืžืœืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื ืฉื™ ืžืขื•ืคืฃ
01:23
with dangling entrails.
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ืขื ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืœืฉืœื™ื.
01:25
(Laughter)
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ื—ื—ื—ื—ื—ื—.
01:26
And the Australian Yara-ma-yha-who
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ื•ื”ื™ืจื-ืžื”-ื™ื”-ื”ื• ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™
01:29
was a little red guy with a big head,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื ืจืืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:32
a large mouth,
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ืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:33
and bloodsuckers on his hands and feet.
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ื•ืžื•ืฆืฆื™ ื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื•.
01:36
Oh, and let's not forget the Caribbean's soucouyant,
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ืื•ื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื” ืœื ื ืฉื›ื— ืืช ื”ืกืงื•ื™ืืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™,
01:40
the West African obayifo,
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ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืคื• ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™,
01:42
and the Mexican Tlahuelpuchi.
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ื•ื”ืชืœื”ื•ืœืคื•ืฆ'ื™ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™.
01:44
(Laughter)
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ื—ื—ื—, ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื, ืœื?
01:45
Charming, aren't they?
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01:47
Though they may look vastly different,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:50
all of these beings have one common characteristic:
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช:
01:54
They sustain themselves by consuming the life force of a living creature.
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ื”ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช
ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:01
This shared trait is what defines a vampire --
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืขืจืคื“ -
02:06
all the other attributes change with the tides.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ืœื™ื.
02:09
So, how do we arrive
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื
02:11
at the reanimated fellow you see before you?
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื›ื?
02:14
Our modern ideal emerges in 18th-century Eastern Europe.
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ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฆืฅ
ื‘ืžืื” ื” 18 ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
02:18
With the dramatic increase of vampire superstitions,
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ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืคื“ื™ื,
02:23
stories of bloodsucking, shadowy creatures
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืฆื™ ื“ื ื•ืืคืœื™ื
02:26
become nightly bedside terrors.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืœื™ืœื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
02:29
And popular folklore,
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ื•ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™,
02:31
like the moroi among the Romani people
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ืจื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™
02:33
and the lugat in Albania,
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ื•ื”ืœื•ื’ื˜ ื‘ืืœื‘ื ื™ื”,
02:35
provide the most common vampire traits known today,
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ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจืคื“ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:39
such as vampires being undead
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขืจืคื“ื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืžืชื™ื
02:42
and nocturnal and shape-shifting.
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ื•ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื
ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื”.
02:45
You see, Eastern Europe in the 18th century
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืื” ื” 18
02:48
was a pretty grim place
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ ืขื’ื•ื
02:51
with many deaths occurring from unknown diseases and plagues.
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ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช
ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืคื•ืช.
02:57
Without medical explanations, people searched for supernatural causes
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™,
ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
03:02
and found what looked like evidence in the corpses of the victims.
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ื•ืžืฆืื• ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช
ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
03:07
When villagers dug up bodies
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื—ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช
03:09
to discern the cause of the mysterious deaths,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
03:12
they would often find the cadavers
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื•ืคื•ืช
03:15
looking very much alive --
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ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื—ื™ื•ืช -
03:17
longer hair and fingernails,
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ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:20
bloated bellies,
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ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื ืคื•ื—ื”,
03:21
and blood at the corners of mouths.
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ื•ื“ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืคื”.
03:25
(Laughter)
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ื—ื—ื—ื—, ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
03:26
Clearly, these people were not really dead.
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03:30
Heh, they were vampires!
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ื—ื—ื—, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืจืคื“ื™ื!
03:32
And they had been leaving their graves
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:34
to feast on the living.
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03:36
(Grunt)
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03:38
The terrified villagers would quickly enact
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ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื™ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื
03:41
a ritual to kill the undead.
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ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืœื ืžืชื™ื.
03:43
The practices varied across the region,
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ,
03:45
but usually included beheadings,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœืœื• ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืจืืฉ,
03:48
burnings, and staking the body to the coffin
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ืฉืจื™ืคื”,
ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ืœืืจื•ืŸ
03:52
to prevent it from getting up.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื” ืœืงื•ื.
03:54
(Laughter)
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03:55
Grizzly stuff!
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื’ืขื™ืœื™ื!
03:58
But what the villagers interpreted as unholy reanimation
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืคืจืฉื• ื›ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืงื“ื•ืฉื”,
04:03
were actually normal symptoms of death.
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช.
04:07
When a body decomposes, the skin dehydrates,
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ื›ืฉื’ื•ืฃ ื ืจืงื‘,
ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ,
04:10
causing the hair and fingernails to extend.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืขืจ ืœื”ืชืืจืš.
04:14
Bacteria in the stomach creates gases
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ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ื
04:16
that fill the belly,
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ืฉืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ,
04:18
which force out blood and matter through the mouth.
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ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ืคื”.
04:22
Unfortunately, this science was not yet known,
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ืœืฆืขืจื, ืžื“ืข ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื–,
04:26
so the villagers kept digging.
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ืื– ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ.
04:29
In fact, so many bodies were dug up
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื ื—ืคืจื•
04:32
that the Empress of Austria
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ืฉืงื™ืกืจื™ืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื—ื”
04:34
sent her physician around to disprove the vampire stories,
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ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืจืคื“ื™ื,
04:38
and she even established a law prohibiting grave tampering.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืงืงื” ื—ื•ืง
ืฉืื•ืกืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื.
04:43
Still, even after the vampire hunts had died down,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืคื“ื™ื ืฉื›ื—ื•,
04:47
the stories of legends survived in local superstition.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืฉืจื“ื•
ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
04:52
This led to works of literature, such as Polidori's "The Vampyre,"
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
ื›ืžื• "ื”ืขืจืคื“" ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื“ื•ืจื™,
04:56
the Gothic novel "Carmilla,"
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ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ "ืงืจืžื™ืœื™ื”,"
04:58
and, most famously, Bram Stoker's "Dracula."
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื, "ื“ืจืงื•ืœื”" ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื ืกื˜ื•ืงืจ.
05:03
Although Stoker incorporated historical material,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืกื˜ื•ืงืจ ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™,
05:06
like Elizabeth Bรกthory's virgin blood baths
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ื›ืžื• ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช' ื‘ืช'ื•ืจื™
05:09
and the brutal executions of Vlad Dracul,
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ื•ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืœืื“ ื“ืจืงื•ืœ,
05:13
it was these local myths
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ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช
05:15
that inspired the main elements of his story:
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ืฉื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ:
05:18
the Transylvanian setting,
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”,
05:21
using garlic to defend oneself,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
05:23
and the staking of the heart.
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ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ื“ ื”ืœื‘.
05:27
While these attributes are certainly familiar to us,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•,
05:30
elements he invented himself have also lasted over the years:
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•
ื’ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื:
05:35
fear of crucifixes,
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ืคื—ื“ ืžืฆืœื‘ื™ื,
05:37
weakness in sunlight,
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ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ,
05:39
and the vampire's inability to see their reflection.
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ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืขืจืคื“
ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
05:43
By inventing new traits,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
05:45
Stoker perfectly enacted the age-old tradition
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ืกื˜ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
05:49
of elaborating upon and expanding the myth of vampires.
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ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜
ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ ื”ืขืจืคื“ื™ื.
05:54
As we saw, maybe you met my relatives,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื•,
ืื•ืœื™ ืคื’ืฉืชื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
05:57
a huge of variety of creatures stalked the night before Dracula,
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
ืœืคื ื™ ื“ืจืงื•ืœื”,
06:03
and many more will continue to creep through our nightmares.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื•
ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
06:07
Yet, so long as they subsist off a living being's life force,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื—ื™,
06:12
they are part of my tribe.
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ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื‘ื˜.
06:15
Even sparkling vampires can be included.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืจืคื“ื™ื ืžื ืฆื ืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ืœืœ.
06:18
After all, it's the continued storytelling and reimagining of the vampire legend
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš
ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ืช ื”ืขืจืคื“ื™ื
06:24
that allows us to truly live
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
06:27
forever.
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ืœื ืฆื—.
06:29
(Ominous laughter)
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ืื”ื”ื”ื”ื”ื”ื”ื”!
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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