Why is there a "b" in doubt? - Gina Cooke

698,979 views ใƒป 2012-12-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:15
People often think the word "doubt" spelling is a little crazy
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "doubt"(ืกืคืง) ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืข
00:18
because of the letter "b".
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืช "b".
00:20
Since it doesn't spell a sound,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืฉืžืขืช,
00:22
most folks can't figure out what it's doing there.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื.
00:25
But in spite of what most of us learn in school,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
00:27
sound is <i>never</i> the most important aspect
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ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘
00:30
of spelling an English word.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
00:32
A word's meaning and history need to come first.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื.
00:35
To doubt means to question,
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ืœืคืงืคืง ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
00:37
to waver,
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
00:38
to hesitate.
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ืœื”ืกืก.
00:40
As a noun, it means uncertainty or confusion.
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ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืœ.
00:43
The present-day English word "doubt"
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "doubt"
00:46
started as a Latin word, "dubitare".
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,"dubitare".
00:49
It first moved from Latin into French
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ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ืช
00:52
where it lost both its "buh" sound and its letter "b".
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ "buh" ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืช "b".
00:56
And then it came into English in the 13th century.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”13.
00:59
About 100 years later,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:01
scribes who wrote English but also knew Latin,
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ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
01:05
started to reinsert the "b" into the word's spelling,
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื” "b" ืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”,
01:09
even though no one pronounced it that way.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ื›ื”.
01:12
But why would they do this?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”?
01:14
Why would anyone in their right mind
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ืœืžื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจ
01:16
reinsert a silent letter into a spelling?
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ื™ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ื•ืช?
01:19
Well, because they knew Latin,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
01:21
the scribes understood that the root of "doubt" had a "b" in it.
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ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ "doubt" ื”ื™ืชื” "b".
01:26
Over time, even as fewer literate people knew Latin,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
01:30
the "b" was kept because it marked important,
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ื” "b" ื ืฉืžืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
01:32
meaningful connections to other related words,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
01:35
like "dubious" and "indubitalbly,"
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ื›ืžื• "dubious" (ื—ืฉื•ื“) ื• "indubitalbly," (ืœืœื ืกืคืง)
01:38
which were subsequently borrowed into English
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช
01:40
from the same Latin root, "dubitare".
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ืžืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™,"dubitare".
01:43
Understanding these historical connections
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ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:46
not only helped us to spell "doubt,"
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืื™ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "doubt,"
01:48
but also to understand the meaning
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
01:50
of these more sophisticated words.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:53
But the story doesn't end there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ืฉื.
01:55
If we look even deeper,
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง,
01:56
we can see beyond the shadow of a doubt,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืกืคืง,
01:59
just how revealing that "b" can be.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืžื’ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื” "b" ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
02:02
There are only two base words in all of English
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
02:05
that have the letters "d-o-u-b":
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช "d-o-u-b":
02:08
one is doubt,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื doubt,
02:10
and the other is double.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื double(ื›ืคื•ืœ).
02:12
We can build lots of other words
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
02:14
on each of these bases,
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:16
like doubtful
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02:16
and doubtless,
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ื›ืžื• doubtful (ืกืคืงื ื™)
ื• doubtless(ืœืœื ืกืคืง),
02:18
or doublet,
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ืื• doublet(ื–ื•ื’),
02:19
and redouble,
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ื• redouble(ื”ื›ืคืœื”),
02:20
and doubloon.
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ื• doubloon.
02:22
It turns out that if we look into their history,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
02:24
we can see that they both derive
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช
02:26
from the same Latin forms.
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ืžืื•ืชื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:29
The meaning of double,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ double,
02:31
two,
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
02:32
is reflected in a deep understanding of doubt.
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ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ doubt.
02:35
See, when we doubt,
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ืจืื•, ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืกืคืง,
02:37
when we hesitate,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื”ืกืกื™ื,
02:38
we second guess ourselves.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
02:41
When we have doubts about something,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฉื”ื•,
02:43
when we have questions or confusion,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ,
02:46
we are of two minds.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
02:48
Historically, before English began
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”
02:51
to borrow words from French,
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ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช,
02:53
it already had a word for doubt.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืžื™ืœื” ืœืกืคืง.
02:55
That Old English word was "tweogan,"
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” "tweogan,"
02:59
a word whose relationship to "two"
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื” ืœืžื™ืœื” "two"(ืฉืชื™ื™ื)
03:01
is clear in its spelling as well.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
03:05
So the next time you are in doubt
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ืกืคืง
03:06
about why English spelling works the way it does,
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœืžื” ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื,
03:09
take a second look.
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ืงื—ื• ืฉื ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜.
03:11
What you find just might make you do a double-take.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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