Is fire a solid, a liquid, or a gas? - Elizabeth Cox

2,512,253 views ใƒป 2018-11-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
Sitting around a campfire, you can feel its heat,
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ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžื“ื•ืจื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื,
00:09
smell the woody smoke, and hear it crackle.
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ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ืขืฉืŸ ื”ืขืฆื™, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืคืฆืคื•ืฅ.
00:13
If you get too close,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™,
00:14
it burns your eyes and stings your nostrils.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื.
00:17
You could stare at the bright flames forever
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืขื“
00:19
as they twist and flicker in endless incarnations.
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืชืœื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
00:23
But what exactly are you looking at?
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื?
00:25
The flames are obviously not solid,
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ื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช,
00:28
nor are they liquid.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช.
00:29
Mingling with the air, theyโ€™re more like a gas,
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื’ื–,
00:33
but more visible--and more fleeting.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจืื•ืช -- ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืฃ.
00:35
And on a scientific level, fire differs from gas
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ื•ื‘ืจืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ืืฉ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื’ื–
00:39
because gases can exist in the same state indefinitely
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ ืœืชืžื™ื“
00:43
while fires always burn out eventually.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืฉ ืžืชื›ืœื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
00:47
One misconception is that fire is a plasma,
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ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืฉ ื”ื™ื ืคืœื–ืžื”,
00:50
the fourth state of matter in which atoms
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื• ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
00:53
are stripped of their electrons.
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ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:55
Like fire and unlike the other kinds of matter,
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ื›ืžื• ืืฉ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ,
00:58
plasmas donโ€™t exist in a stable state on earth.
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ืคืœื–ืžื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:03
They only form when gas is exposed to an electric field or superheated
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ื”ื ืจืง ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืฉื’ื– ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืฉื“ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืื• ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืขืœ
01:08
to temperatures of thousands or tens of thousands of degrees.
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ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช.
01:13
By contrast, fuels like wood and paper burn
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื“ืœืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืฅ ื•ื ื™ื™ืจ ื ืฉืจืคื™ื
01:16
at a few hundred degrees โ€”far below the
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืœื•ืช -- ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื—ืช
01:19
threshold of what's usually considered a plasma.
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ืœืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคืœื–ืžื”.
01:24
So if fire isnโ€™t a solid, liquid, gas,
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ืื– ืื ืืฉ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืง, ื ื•ื–ืœ, ื’ื–,
01:27
or a plasma, what does that leave?
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ืื• ืคืœื–ืžื”, ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืœื ื•?
01:30
It turns out fire isnโ€™t actually matter at all.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืืฉ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืžืจ.
01:33
Instead, itโ€™s our sensory experience of a chemical reaction called combustion.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื”.
01:39
In a way, fire is like the leaves changing color in fall,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืืฉ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืœื™ื ืฉืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืกืชื™ื•,
01:43
the smell of fruit as it ripens,
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ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื,
01:46
or a fireflyโ€™s blinking light.
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ืื• ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช.
01:48
All of these are sensory clues that a
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
01:51
chemical reaction is taking place.
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ืฉืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
01:54
What differs about fire is that it engages a lot of
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ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืฉ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”
01:57
our senses at the same time, creating the kind of vivid
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ืžื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื”
02:00
experience we expect to come from a physical thing.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœื ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืคื™ื–ื™.
02:05
Combustion creates that sensory experience
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ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช
02:08
using fuel, heat, and oxygen.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืง, ื—ื•ื ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:11
In a campfire, when the logs are heated to their ignition temperature,
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ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื”, ื›ืฉื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืžื™ื ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืฆืชื” ืฉืœื”ื,
02:15
the walls of their cells decompose,
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ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื,
02:18
releasing sugars and other molecules into the air.
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ื™ืจ.
02:22
These molecules then react with airborne oxygen
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื– ืขื ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ
02:25
to create carbon dioxide and water.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ืžื™ื.
02:27
At the same time, any trapped water in the logs
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืขื™ื
02:31
vaporizes, expands, ruptures the wood around it,
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ืžืชืื“ื™ื, ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ืžื‘ืงืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
02:35
and escapes with a satisfying crackle.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืขื ืคืฆืคื•ืฅ ืžืจืฆื”.
02:39
As the fire heats up, the carbon dioxide and water vapor
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ื›ืฉื”ืืฉ ืžืชื—ืžืžืช, ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ืื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ื
02:43
created by combustion expand.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื.
02:45
Now that theyโ€™re less dense, they rise in a thinning column.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื“ืœื™ืœ.
02:50
Gravity causes this expansion and rising, which gives
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ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœืขืœื™ื”, ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช
02:53
flames their characteristic taper.
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ืœืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:56
Without gravity, molecules donโ€™t separate
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ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช
02:59
by density and the flames have a totally different shape.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:04
We can see all of this because combustion
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื”
03:06
also generates light.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื’ื ืื•ืจ.
03:08
Molecules emit light when heated,
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ืžืžื•ืช,
03:11
and the color of the light depends
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ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืชืœื•ื™
03:12
on the temperature of the molecules.
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ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
03:14
The hottest flames are white or blue.
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ื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื• ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช.
03:18
The type of molecules in a fire can
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ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื
03:20
also influence flame color.
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืืฉ.
03:22
For instance, any unreacted carbon atoms from the logs
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืžื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื
03:26
form little clumps of soot that rise
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื—ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื
03:29
into the flames and emit the yellow-orange
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืจ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื›ืชื•ื
03:32
light we associate with a campfire.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื”ื‘ืช ืžื“ื•ืจื”.
03:35
Substances like copper, calcium chloride,
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ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื—ื•ืฉืช, ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืœื•ืจื™,
03:38
and potassium chloride can add their
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ื•ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื›ืœื•ืจื™ื“ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ
03:40
own characteristic hues to the mix.
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ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช.
03:43
Besides colorful flames,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
03:45
fire also continues to generate heat as it burns.
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ืืฉ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื’ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืœืงืช.
03:49
This heat sustains the flames by keeping
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ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช
03:52
the fuel at or above ignition temperature.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืžืขืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืฆืชื”.
03:55
Eventually, though, even the hottest fires
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:58
run out of fuel or oxygen.
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ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื“ืœืง ืื• ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
04:01
Then, those twisting flames give a final hiss
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ืื–, ื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืฉื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช
04:04
and disappear with a wisp of smoke
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ื•ื ืขืœืžื•ืช ืขื ืชืžืจืช ืขืฉืŸ
04:06
as if they were never there at all.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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