What gives a dollar bill its value? - Doug Levinson

3,674,896 views ใƒป 2014-06-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:06
If you tried to pay for something with a piece of paper,
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ืื ืชื ืกื• ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
ืขื ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ,
00:09
you might run into some trouble.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
00:11
Unless, of course, the piece of paper was a hundred dollar bill.
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ, ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ
ื”ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื” ื“ื•ืœืจ.
00:15
But what is it that makes that bill so much more interesting and valuable
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื–ื”
ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš
00:18
than other pieces of paper?
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ืžืคื™ืกื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืช?
00:20
After all, there's not much you can do with it.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื•.
00:23
You can't eat it.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
00:25
You can't build things with it.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:26
And burning it is actually illegal.
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ื•ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™.
00:29
So what's the big deal?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ?
00:30
Of course, you probably know the answer.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
00:33
A hundred dollar bill is printed by the government
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ืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื” ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื•ื“ืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
00:35
and designated as official currency,
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ื•ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืจืฉืžื™.
00:37
while other pieces of paper are not.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืŸ ืœื.
00:40
But that's just what makes them legal.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื.
00:42
What makes a hundred dollar bill valuable, on the other hand,
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื” ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
00:45
is how many or few of them are around.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื• ืžืขื˜ ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
00:48
Throughout history, most currency, including the US dollar,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช,
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
00:51
was linked to valuable commodities
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช
00:53
and the amount of it in circulation
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ื•ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ
00:55
depended on a government's gold or silver reserves.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ 1971,
00:59
But after the US abolished this system in 1971,
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01:01
the dollar became what is known as fiat money,
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ืžืงื•ืฉืจ,
01:05
meaning not linked to any external resource
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืžืฉืื‘ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™
01:08
but relying instead solely on government policy
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ืืœื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ.
01:11
to decide how much currency to print.
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ืฉืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก.
01:13
Which branch of our government sets this policy?
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื” ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•?
01:16
The Executive, the Legislative, or the Judicial?
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™, ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ืื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™?
01:19
The surprising answer is: none of the above!
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื!
01:22
In fact, monetary policy is set by an independent Federal Reserve System,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ื ืงื‘ืขืช
ืขืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ืคื“ืจืœื™,
01:26
or the Fed,
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ืื• ื”ืคื“,
01:28
made up of 12 regional banks in major cities around the country.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืž 12 ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื
ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
01:32
Its board of governors,
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ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•,
01:33
which is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate,
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ืฉืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื
ื•ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื ืื˜,
ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก,
01:37
reports to Congress,
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01:38
and all the Fed's profit goes into the US Treasury.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืคื“ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
01:41
But to keep the Fed from being influenced
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืข
01:43
by the day-to-day vicissitudes of politics,
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ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ืช,
01:45
it is not under the direct control of any branch of government.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืฃ ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ.
01:49
Why doesn't the Fed just decide to print infinite hundred dollar bills
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ืคื“ ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜
ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืื” ื“ื•ืœืจ
01:52
to make everyone happy and rich?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื?
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืœื•ื.
01:54
Well, because then the bills wouldn't be worth anything.
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01:56
Think about the purpose of currency,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ,
01:59
which is to be exchanged for goods and services.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื.
02:01
If the total amount of currency in circulation
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ืื ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ
02:04
increases faster than the total value of goods and services in the economy,
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ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช
ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
02:08
then each individual piece will be able
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช
02:10
to buy a smaller portion of those things than before.
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ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
02:13
This is called inflation.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”.
02:15
On the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
02:16
if the money supply remains the same,
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ืื ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ืฉืืจืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
02:18
while more goods and services are produced,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
02:20
each dollar's value would increase
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ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื•ืœื”
02:22
in a process known as deflation.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ืคืœืฆื™ื”.
02:24
So which is worse?
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ืื– ืžื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ?
02:26
Too much inflation
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”
02:27
means that the money in your wallet today will be worth less tomorrow,
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืืจื ืง ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืจ,
02:31
making you want to spend it right away.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืื•ืชื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
ืื–, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืขืกืงื™ื,
02:33
While this would stimulate business, it would also encourage overconsumption,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ืขื•ื“ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืชืจ,
02:37
or hoarding commodities, like food and fuel,
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ืื• ืื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื“ืœืง,
02:39
raising their prices
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื
02:41
and leading to consumer shortages and even more inflation.
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ื•ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”.
02:45
But deflation would make people want to hold onto their money,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:49
and a decrease in consumer spending
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ื•ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”
02:51
would reduce business profits,
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ืชืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื,
02:52
leading to more unemployment and a further decrease in spending,
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื‘ื˜ืœื”
ื•ืชืคื—ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”,
02:55
causing the economy to keep shrinking.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
02:58
So most economists believe that while too much of either is dangerous,
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ืื– ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
03:01
a small, consistent amount of inflation is necessary to encourage economic growth.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”
ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
03:07
The Fed uses vast amounts of economic data
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ื”ืคื“ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™
03:10
to determine how much currency should be in circulation,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ,
03:13
including previous rates of inflation,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืžื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”,
03:15
international trends, and the unemployment rate.
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ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช,
ื•ืจืžืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื”.
03:18
Like in the story of Goldilocks,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ื”,
03:20
they need to get the numbers just right
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
03:22
in order to stimulate growth and keep people employed,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
03:24
without letting inflation reach disruptive levels.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช.
03:27
The Fed not only determines
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ื”ืคื“ ืœื ืจืง ืงื•ื‘ืข
03:29
how much that paper in your wallet is worth
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืก ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื•ื•ื”
03:32
but also your chances of getting or keeping the job
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ืืœื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
03:34
where you earn it.
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ื‘ื” ืืชื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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