Deep ocean mysteries and wonders - David Gallo

1,145,907 views ใƒป 2012-03-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: benyamin zinshtein
00:14
You know, I had a real rough time in school with ADD,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื ื”ืคืจืขืช ืงืฉื‘,
00:17
and I have a PhD.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜.
00:18
I earned a PhD, but ... tough to pay attention --
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘
00:21
biology, geology, physics, chemistry -- really tough for me.
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ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”, ื›ื™ืžื™ื” -- ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœื™.
00:24
Only one thing grabbed my attention,
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ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืชืคืฉ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื™.
00:26
and it's that planet called Earth.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:30
But in this picture here, you'll see that Earth is mostly water.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืžืฉ ืคื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื™ื - ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™.
00:33
That's the Pacific.
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00:34
Seventy percent of Earth is covered with water.
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70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ืžื™ื ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
00:36
You can say, "Hey, I know Earth. I live here."
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"ื”ื™ื™ ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืื ื™ ื—ื™ ืคื”."
00:38
You don't know Earth.
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ืืชื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:40
You don't know this planet, because most of it's covered with that --
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ืืชื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื–ื” --
00:43
average depth, two miles.
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ืขื•ืžืง ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 3.2 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
00:44
And when you go outside
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”
00:45
and look up at the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building,
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ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืืžืคื™ื™ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื˜, ืื• ืžื’ื“ืœ ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืœืจ,
00:48
the average depth of the ocean is 15 of those on top of one another.
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ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื 15
ืžืืœื” ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
00:52
We've explored about five percent of what's in that water.
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ื—ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 5 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:55
"Explored," meaning, for the first time, go peek and see what's there.
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ื‘"ื—ืงืจื ื•," ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื.
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
00:59
So what I want to do today is show you some things
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01:01
about this planet, about the oceans.
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื.
01:03
I want to take you from shallow water down to the deep water,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืžืžื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื,
01:06
and hopefully, like me, you'll see some things
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ืืชื ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:09
that get you hooked on exploring planet Earth.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืจืื™ืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
01:12
You know things like corals; you've seen plenty of corals,
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ืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ, ืฆืœืœืชื ืขื ืฉื ื•ืจืงืœ,
01:15
those of you who've been to the beach, snorkeling,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืืœื™ื”ื --
01:17
know corals are an amazing place to go -- full of life,
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ืžืœืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื—ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช,
01:20
some big animals, small animals, some nice, some dangerous,
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช, ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื, ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
01:23
sharks, whales, all that stuff.
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01:25
They need to be protected from humanity.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
ื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ืคืœืื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
01:27
They're great places.
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01:28
But what you probably don't know is in the very deep part of the ocean,
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืžืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:32
we have volcanic eruptions.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ื•ืช.
01:33
Most volcanoes on Earth are at the bottom of the sea --
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื --
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 80 ืื—ื•ื– -- ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื”,
01:36
more than 80 percent.
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01:37
And we actually have fire,
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ืืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:39
fire deep inside the ocean, going on right now.
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01:41
All over the world -- in the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™, ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™, ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™,
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื.
01:45
In this place, the ocean floor, the rocks actually turn to liquid.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:48
So you actually have waves on the ocean floor.
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01:50
You'd say nothing could live there, but when we look in detail,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ,
ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:53
even there, in the deepest, darkest places on Earth, we find life,
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01:56
which tells us that life really wants to happen.
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช.
01:58
So, pretty amazing stuff.
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ืื–, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
02:00
Every time we go to the bottom of the sea,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื,
02:02
we explore with our submarines, with our robots,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืขื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืคืชื™ืข,
02:05
we see something that's usually surprising,
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02:07
sometimes it's startling and sometimes revolutionary.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™.
02:09
You see that puddle of water sitting there.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื.
02:12
And all around the water there's a little cliff,
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ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืง ืงื˜ืŸ,
02:14
there's a little white sandy beach.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืงื˜ืŸ.
02:16
We'll get closer, you'll see the beach a little bit better,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื–ื”. ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:19
some of the waves in that water, down there.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื, ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
02:21
The thing that's special about this water
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ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื–ื”
02:23
is that it's at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
02:25
So you're sitting inside a submarine,
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ
02:27
looking out the window at a little pond of water beneath the sea.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื.
02:31
We see ponds, we see lakes, we see rivers --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื’ืžื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื ื”ืจื•ืช --
02:35
in fact, right here is a river at the bottom of the ocean
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ืคื” ื™ืฉ ื ื”ืจ ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
02:37
going from the lower left to the upper right.
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ื–ื•ืจื ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื” ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”.
02:39
Water is actually flowing through there.
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ืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื ืœืžืขืฉื”.
02:41
This totally blew our minds.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™: ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช?
02:43
How can you have this at the bottom?
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02:45
You're in the ocean looking at more water.
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ืืชื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื.
02:47
And there's animals that only live in that water.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:50
So, the bottom of the ocean --
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ืื–, ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก --
02:52
I love this map, because it shows in the middle of the ocean,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:55
there's a mountain range.
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ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:56
It's the greatest mountain range on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge --
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ --
02:59
50,000 miles long, and we've hardly had a peek at it.
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ื‘ืื•ืจืš 80,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
03:03
Hardly had a peek at it.
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ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืขืคื ื• ืžื‘ื˜.
03:04
We find valleys, many thousands of valleys,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืžืงื™ื, ืืœืคื™ ืขืžืงื™ื
03:07
larger, wider, deeper than the Grand Canyon.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:10
We find, as I said, underwater lakes, rivers, waterfalls.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืื’ืžื™ื ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืžืคืœื™ื.
03:13
The largest waterfall on the planet
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ื”ืžืคืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘
03:14
is actually under the ocean, up near Iceland.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืกืœื ื“.
03:17
All that stuff is in that five percent that we've explored.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœื—ืงืจื ื•.
ืื– ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื
03:21
So the deal about the ocean is that to explore it,
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03:23
you've got to have technology.
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ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
03:25
Not only technology, but it's not just Dave Gallo
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ืœื ืจืง ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื“ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืืœื•
03:28
or one person exploring, it's a team of people.
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ืื• ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ืงืจ. ื–ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:30
You've got to have the talent, the team.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฆื•ื•ืช.
03:32
You've got to have the technology.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื–ื• ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืก,
03:34
In this case, it's our ship, Atlantis, and the submarine, Alvin.
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช, ืืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
03:37
Inside that submarine -- this is an Alvin launch --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช -- ื–ื” ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ --
03:39
there's three people.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื. ื”ื ืžื•ืกืขื™ื ืืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ.
03:41
They're being wheeled out onto deck.
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03:42
There's 47 other people,
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ื™ืฉ 47 ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื
03:44
the teamwork on that ship, making sure that these people are okay.
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
03:47
Everybody in that submarine is thinking one thing right now:
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ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื”ื–ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•:
03:50
Should I have gone to the bathroom one more time?
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื?
03:53
Because you're in there for 10 hours --
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืฉื ืœืขืฉืจ ืฉืขื•ืช --
03:55
10 hours in that little sphere.
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ืขืฉืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื.
ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื›ื ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื“ื›ื.
03:57
Three of you together and nobody is going to be around you.
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04:00
You go into the water and once you hit the water, it's amazing.
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ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:03
There's a lovely color blue that penetrates right inside you.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื ืคืœื ืฉื—ื•ื“ืจ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื›ื.
04:06
You don't hear the surface ship anymore,
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ืืชื ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:08
you hear that pinging of a sonar.
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ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื ืืจ.
04:09
If you've got an iPhone you've got sonar on there --
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกื•ื ืืจ ืฉื --
ื–ื” ืื•ืชื ื”ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื›ื.
04:12
it's that same pinging that goes down to the bottom and comes back up.
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ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
04:15
Divers check out the sub to make sure the outside is okay,
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04:18
and then they say "Go,"
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืฆืื•,"
04:20
and down you go to the bottom of the ocean and it's an amazing trip.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื–ื” ืžืกืข ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:23
So for two and a half hours, you sink down to the bottom.
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ืื– ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืืชื ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช.
04:26
And two hours of it is totally pitch black.
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ื•ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
04:29
We thought that nothing could live inside that world
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”
ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
04:31
at the bottom of the ocean.
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04:32
And when we look, we find some amazing things.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื•, ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
04:35
All the way down -- we call it the mid-water --
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื˜ื” -- ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” "ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื" ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
04:37
from the top of the ocean down to the bottom, we find life.
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ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช -- ืžืฆืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:40
Whenever we stop and look, we find life.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืขืฆืจื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืฆืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:42
I'm going to show you some jellies.
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืžืคื ื™
ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:44
They're absolutely some of the coolest creatures on Earth.
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04:46
Look at that thing, just flailing his arms around.
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ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ืขื ืข ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื•.
04:49
That's like a little lobster.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื‘ืกื˜ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.
04:50
That one is like all these animals with their mouths hooked together,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคื” ืœืฉื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืงืœ ื™ื—ื“.
ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.
04:54
the colonial animals.
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04:55
Some animals are tiny, some can be longer than this stage.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื ืจืฉืช.
04:58
Just amazing animals.
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04:59
And you can't collect them with a net --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื ืขื ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
05:01
we have to go with our cameras and take a look at them.
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05:03
So every time we go, new species of life.
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื, ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:06
The ocean is full of life.
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:08
And yet the deepest part of the ocean --
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก --
05:10
when we go to that mountain range, we find hot springs.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืœื” ืžื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื,
05:13
Now we were sure -- because this is poisonous water,
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05:15
because it's so deep it would crush the Titanic
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื•ืง ืฉื–ื” ื™ืžืขืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง
05:17
the same way you crush an empty cup in your hand --
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืขื›ื™ื ื›ื•ืก ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื.
05:20
we were sure there would be no life there at all.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
05:22
Instead, we find more life and diversity and density
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช
05:25
than in the tropical rainforest.
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ืžื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™.
05:27
So, in one instance, in one peek out the window of the sub,
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ืื–, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“, ื‘ื”ืฆืฆื” ืื—ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช,
05:30
we discover something
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš
05:32
that revolutionizes the way we think about life on Earth;
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ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื–ื”
05:34
and that is, you don't always have to have sunlight
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ืฉืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:37
to get life going.
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05:38
There's big animals down there too, some that look familiar.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื” -- ื›ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช.
ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื“ืžื‘ื•. ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื•. ื“ืžื‘ื• ื ืคืœื.
05:41
That guy's called Dumbo. I love him. Dumbo's great.
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05:44
This guy -- oh man, I wish I had more footage of this.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืื•ื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•.
05:47
We're trying to get an expedition together to go look at this
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
05:49
and maybe in a year we'll have that.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
05:52
Go online and look.
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ืœื›ื• ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืชืจืื•.
05:53
Vampyroteuthis infernalis. The vampire squid.
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ื•ืžืคื™ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ืกืื™ื ืคื•ืจื ืœื™ืก. ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืคื“.
05:56
Incredibly cool.
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ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
05:57
In the darkness of the deep sea, he's got glowing tentacles,
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ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช,
06:00
so if I'm coming at you like him, I put my arms out in the darkness
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ืื– ืื ืื ื™ ื‘ื ืืœื™ื›ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื•, ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื”
ืื– ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืืŸ.
06:04
so all you see are little glowing things over here.
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06:06
Meanwhile, I'm coming at you.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื‘ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื›ื.
06:07
When he wants to escape,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื—, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:09
he's got these glowing pods on his butt that look like eyes.
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ืขืœ ืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
06:11
Glowing eyes on his butt. How cool is that?
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืช. ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื–ื”?
06:14
Just an amazing animal.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื—ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:15
(Laughter)
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06:16
"Vampire" squid, because when it gets protective,
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขืจืคื“, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ืชื™,
06:18
it pulls this black cape over its whole body,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื•,
06:20
and curls up into a ball.
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ื•ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ. ื—ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ืœืœ.
06:22
Outrageous animal.
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06:24
This ship, "The Ship of Dreams" --
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ื”ืื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, "ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช" ืžืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”
06:26
a hundred years ago this coming April,
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื, ื”ืื ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
06:28
this ship was supposed to show up in New York.
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06:30
It's the Titanic.
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ื–ื• ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืœืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
06:32
I co-led an expedition out there last year.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
06:34
We are learning so much about that ship.
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06:36
The Titanic is an interesting place for biology,
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ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
06:38
because animals are moving in to live on the Titanic.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง.
06:42
Microbes are actually eating the hull of the Titanic.
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง.
06:44
That's where Jack was king of the world there on the bow of the Titanic.
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ืฉื ื’'ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื ืขืœ ื—ืจื˜ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง.
ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืจื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื™ ื–ื”
06:48
So we're doing real good.
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06:49
And what's exciting to me is that we're making a virtual Titanic,
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ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
06:52
so you can sit there at home with your joystick and your headset on,
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ืขื ื”ื’'ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื,
06:56
and you can actually explore the Titanic for yourself.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
06:59
That's what we want to do, make these virtual worlds,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช --
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืจืง ื“ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืืœื•
07:01
so it's not Dave Gallo or someone else exploring the world; it's you.
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ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”; ื–ื” ืืชื.
07:05
You explore it for yourself.
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
07:06
So here's the bottom line:
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”.
07:08
The oceans are unexplored
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ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื ื—ืงืจื•
07:11
and I can't begin to tell you how important that is,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:13
because they're important to us.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•.
07:15
Seven billion people live on this planet
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ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
07:18
and all of us are impacted by the sea,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
07:20
because the oceans control the air you breathe, the water you drink,
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ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืชื™ื,
07:24
the food you eat.
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ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
07:25
All those are controlled in some way by the ocean,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื—ืงืจื ื• --
07:28
and this is a thing that we haven't even explored --
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07:30
five percent.
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
07:32
The thing I want to leave you with is,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืื™ืชื• ื”ื•ื
07:33
in that five percent, I showed you some cool stuff.
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ื‘5 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื.
07:36
There's a lot more cool stuff --
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืืœื™ื”
07:37
every dive we go on in the ocean, we find something new about the sea.
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ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื.
07:42
So what's in that other 95 percent?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืืจ 95 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื?
07:43
Did we get the exciting stuff or is there more out there?
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ื”ืื ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ?
07:46
And I'm here to tell you that the ocean is full of surprises.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืœื ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช.
07:49
There's a quote I love by Marcel Proust:
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืจืกืœ ืคืจื•ืกื˜:
07:51
"The true voyage of exploration is not so much in seeking new landscapes,"
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"ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ื ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,"
07:55
which we do,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
"ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช."
07:56
"but in having new eyes."
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07:57
And so I hope today, by showing you some of this,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”,
08:00
it's given you some new eyes about this planet,
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ืฉื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื—ืจืช.
08:02
and for the first time, I want you to think about it differently.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
08:05
Thank you very much. Thank you.
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08:07
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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