The myth of Prometheus - Iseult Gillespie

9,055,778 views ใƒป 2017-11-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Before the creation of humanity,
0
7041
1704
ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
00:08
the Greek gods won a great battle against a race of giants called the Titans.
1
8745
5082
ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ืขื ืงื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ื.
00:13
Most Titans were destroyed or driven to the eternal hell of Tartarus.
2
13827
4779
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืื• ื”ื•ื“ื—ื• ืœื’ื”ื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื˜ืจื•ืก.
00:18
But the Titan Prometheus, whose name means foresight,
3
18606
3040
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก, ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืžื• ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“,
00:21
persuaded his brother Epimetheus to fight with him on the side of the gods.
4
21646
6190
ืฉื™ื›ื ืข ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ืืคื™ืžืชืื•ืก ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืœื™ื.
00:27
As thanks, Zeus entrusted the brothers
5
27836
2572
ื›ืชื•ื“ื”, ื–ืื•ืก ื ืชืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื
00:30
with the task of creating all living things.
6
30408
4029
ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:34
Epimetheus was to distribute the gifts of the gods among the creatures.
7
34437
4300
ืืคื™ืžืชืื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื.
00:38
To some, he gave flight;
8
38737
1431
ืœื›ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืชืขื•ืคื”;
00:40
to others, the ability to move through water
9
40168
2608
ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื™ื
00:42
or race through grass.
10
42776
2312
ืื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ืฉื.
00:45
He gave the beasts glittering scales,
11
45088
2121
ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ืžื ืฆื ืฆื™ื,
00:47
soft fur,
12
47209
1010
ืคืจื•ื•ื” ืจื›ื”,
00:48
and sharp claws.
13
48219
2549
ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื.
00:50
Meanwhile, Prometheus shaped the first humans out of mud.
14
50768
4620
ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืฅ.
00:55
He formed them in the image of the gods,
15
55388
2443
ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ื,
00:57
but Zeus decreed they were too remain mortal
16
57831
2537
ืื‘ืœ ื–ืื•ืก ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ืชืžื•ืชื”
01:00
and worship the inhabitants of Mount Olympus from below.
17
60368
5014
ื•ื™ืขืจื™ืฆื• ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ืžืœืžื˜ื”.
01:05
Zeus deemed humans subservient creatures vulnerable to the elements
18
65382
4440
ื–ืื•ืก ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื›ื ื•ืขื™ื, ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
01:09
and dependent on the gods for protection.
19
69822
3098
ื•ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ืชื.
01:12
However, Prometheus envisioned his crude creations with a greater purpose.
20
72920
5690
ืืš ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื’ืกื” ืฉืœื• ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:18
So when Zeus asked him to decide how sacrifices would be made,
21
78610
3843
ืื– ื›ืฉื–ืื•ืก ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ืขืœื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช,
01:22
the wily Prometheus planned a trick that would give humans some advantage.
22
82453
6311
ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื”ืชื—ืžืŸ ืชื›ื ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืง ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ.
01:28
He killed a bull and divided it into two parts to present to Zeus.
23
88764
5160
ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื—ื™ืœืง ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื–ืื•ืก.
01:33
On one side, he concealed the succulent flesh and skin
24
93924
3316
ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืขืกื™ืกื™ ื•ื”ืขื•ืจ
01:37
under the unappealing belly of the animal.
25
97240
3585
ืชื—ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”.
01:40
On the other, he hid the bones under a thick layer of fat.
26
100825
3755
ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
01:44
When Zeus chose the seemingly best portion for himself,
27
104580
3675
ื›ืฉื–ืื•ืก ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื•,
01:48
he was outraged at Prometheus's deception.
28
108255
3891
ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจืขื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื˜ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก.
01:52
Fuming, Zeus forbade the use of fire on Earth,
29
112146
3459
ื‘ื–ืขื, ื–ืื•ืก ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:55
whether to cook meat or for any other purpose.
30
115605
4131
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื• ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.
01:59
But Prometheus refused to see his creations denied this resource.
31
119736
4751
ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
02:04
And so, he scaled Mount Olympus to steal fire
32
124487
3078
ื•ื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืฉ
02:07
from the workshop of Hephaestus and Athena.
33
127565
3909
ืžื”ืกื“ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืกื˜ื•ืก ื•ืืชื ื”.
02:11
He hid the flames in a hollow fennel stalk and brought it safely down to the people.
34
131474
5511
ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื—ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”.
02:16
This gave them the power to harness nature for their own benefit
35
136985
3491
ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื
02:20
and ultimately dominate the natural order.
36
140476
4082
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
02:24
With fire, humans could care for themselves with food and warmth.
37
144558
4498
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืืฉ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืขื ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื—ื•ื.
02:29
But they could also forge weapons and wage war.
38
149056
3922
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ื’ื ืœื—ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื”.
02:32
Prometheus's flames acted as a catalyst for the rapid progression of civilization.
39
152978
6338
ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ืคืขืœื” ื›ื–ืจื– ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
02:39
When Zeus looked down at this scene, he realized what had happened.
40
159316
4301
ื›ืฉื–ืื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืžืจืื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงืจื”.
02:43
Prometheus had once again wounded his pride
41
163617
2850
ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ืชื•
02:46
and subverted his authority.
42
166467
2400
ื•ื—ืชืจ ืชื—ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื•.
02:48
Furious, Zeus imposed a brutal punishment.
43
168867
3181
ื–ืื•ืก ื”ื–ื•ืขื ื›ืคื” ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื›ื–ืจื™.
02:52
Prometheus was to be chained to a cliff for eternity.
44
172048
4161
ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื ื›ื‘ืœ ืœืฆื•ืง ืœื ืฆื—.
02:56
Each day, he would be visited by a vulture who would tear out his liver
45
176209
4178
ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ื ืฉืจ ืฉืงืจืข ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื•,
03:00
and each night his liver would grow back to be attacked again in the morning.
46
180387
6252
ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื• ื’ื“ืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืงืฃ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
03:06
Although Prometheus remained in perpetual agony,
47
186639
3030
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื—ื™ ื‘ื›ืื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ื™,
03:09
he never expressed regret at his act of rebellion.
48
189669
3860
ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืจื“ ืฉืœื•.
03:13
His resilience in the face of oppression made him a beloved figure in mythology.
49
193529
5190
ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
03:18
He was also celebrated for his mischievous and inquisitive spirit,
50
198719
3780
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ืงืจืŸ,
03:22
and for the knowledge, progress, and power he brought to human hands.
51
202499
5601
ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื”, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
03:28
He's also a recurring figure in art and literature.
52
208100
3860
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช.
03:31
In Percy Bysshe Shelley's lyrical drama "Prometheus Unbound,"
53
211960
3421
ื‘ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืœื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™, "ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ,"
03:35
the author imagines Prometheus as a romantic hero
54
215381
3340
ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™
03:38
who escapes and continues to spread empathy and knowledge.
55
218721
4734
ืฉื‘ื•ืจื— ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ื™ื“ืข.
03:43
Of his protagonist, Shelley wrote,
56
223455
1778
ืฉืœื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•,
03:45
"Prometheus is the type of the highest perfection
57
225233
2711
"ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:47
of moral and intellectual nature,
58
227944
2573
ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™,
03:50
impelled by the purest and the truest motives
59
230517
2628
ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:53
to the best and noblest ends."
60
233145
3388
ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ."
03:56
His wife Mary envisaged Prometheus as a more cautionary figure
61
236533
4333
ืืฉืชื• ืžืจื™ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืจื”
04:00
and subtitled her novel "Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus."
62
240866
5201
ื•ืงืจืื” ืœื ื•ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื” "ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ: ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™."
04:06
This suggests the damage of corrupting the natural order
63
246067
3379
ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ื–ืง ื‘ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™
04:09
and remains relevant to the ethical questions
64
249446
2249
ื•ื ืฉืืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืชื™ื•ืช
04:11
surrounding science and technology today.
65
251695
4241
ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
04:15
As hero, rebel, or trickster,
66
255936
2150
ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื•ืจื“, ืื• ื ื•ื›ืœ,
04:18
Prometheus remains a symbol of our capacity to capture the powers of nature,
67
258086
4681
ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื ืฉืืจ ืกืžืœ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
04:22
and ultimately,
68
262767
1550
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
04:24
he reminds us of the potential of individual acts to ignite the world.
69
264317
4761
ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7