What causes an economic recession? - Richard Coffin

2,150,863 views ใƒป 2019-10-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
For millennia,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:08
the people of Britain had been using bronze to make tools and jewelry,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื,
00:12
and as a currency for trade.
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ื•ื›ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืœืžืกื—ืจ.
00:15
But around 800 BCE, that began to change:
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 800 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช:
00:19
the value of bronze declined, causing social upheaval and an economic crisisโ€”
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ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื™ืจื“, ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืžื”ื•ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ --
00:25
what we would call a recession today.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื: ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ.
00:28
What causes recessions?
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ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื™ืชื•ืŸ?
00:30
This question has long been the subject of heated debate among economists,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
00:35
and for good reason.
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ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
00:36
A recession can be a mild decline in economic activity
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ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืงืœื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
00:39
in a single country that lasts months,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช, ืฉื ืžืฉื›ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื;
00:42
a long-lasting downturn with global ramifications that last years,
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ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืขื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื;
00:47
or anything in between.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
00:49
Complicating matters further,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืกื‘ืš ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:51
there are countless variables that contribute to an economyโ€™s health,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
00:55
making it difficult to pinpoint specific causes.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
00:59
So it helps to start with the big picture:
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”:
01:01
recessions occur when there is a negative disruption
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ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื™ืœื™
01:04
to the balance between supply and demand.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆืข.
01:07
Thereโ€™s a mismatch between how many goods people want to buy,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช,
01:11
how many products and services producers can offer,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข,
01:14
and the price of the goods and services sold, which prompts an economic decline.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉื ืžื›ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžืงื“ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
01:19
An economyโ€™s relationship between supply and demand
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ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ
01:23
is reflected in its inflation rates and interest rates.
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ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช.
01:27
Inflation happens when goods and services get more expensive.
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ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:31
Put another way, the value of money decreases.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืจื“.
01:35
Still, inflation isnโ€™t necessarily a bad thing.
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ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข.
01:38
In fact, a low inflation rate is thought to encourage economic activity.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
01:43
But high inflation that isnโ€™t accompanied with high demand
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
01:46
can both cause problems for an economy and eventually lead to a recession.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื™ืชื•ืŸ.
01:52
Interest rates, meanwhile,
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ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
01:54
reflect the cost of taking on debt for individuals and companies.
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ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
01:58
The rate is typically an annual percentage of a loan
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ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื—ื•ื– ืฉื ืชื™ ืžื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”
02:01
that borrowers pay to their creditors until the loan is repaid.
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ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืžืฉื•ืœืžืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”.
02:05
Low interest rates mean that companies can afford to borrow more money,
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ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ,
02:09
which they can use to invest in more projects.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื.
02:12
High interest rates, meanwhile, increase costs for producers and consumers,
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ืจืžื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ื•ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื,
02:17
slowing economic activity.
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ื•ืžืื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
02:19
Fluctuations in inflation and interest rates
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช
02:22
can give us insight into the health of the economy,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
02:25
but what causes these fluctuations in the first place?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื?
02:29
The most obvious causes are shocks like natural disaster, war,
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข, ืžืœื—ืžื”,
02:33
and geopolitical factors.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:35
An earthquake, for example,
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ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:37
can destroy the infrastructure needed to produce important commodities such as oil.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ืคื˜.
02:42
That forces the supply side of the economy to charge more for products that use oil,
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฆื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืคื˜,
02:47
discouraging demand and potentially prompting a recession.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื™ืชื•ืŸ.
02:51
But some recessions occur in times of economic prosperityโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ --
02:55
possibly even because of economic prosperity.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
02:59
Some economists believe that business activity from a marketโ€™s expansion
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ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง
03:03
can occasionally reach an unsustainable level.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ืœื ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื.
03:06
For example, corporations and consumers may borrow more money
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืœื•ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ
03:10
with the assumption that economic growth will help them handle the added burden.
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ.
03:14
But if the economy doesnโ€™t grow as quickly as expected,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื”,
03:18
they may end up with more debt than they can manage.
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืืจื• ืขื ื—ื•ื‘ ืื™ืชื• ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“.
03:21
To pay it off, theyโ€™ll have to redirect funds from other activities,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:25
reducing business activity.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช.
03:27
Psychology can also contribute to a recession.
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืชื•ืŸ.
03:30
Fear of a recession can become a self-fulfilling prophecy
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ืคื—ื“ ืžืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”
03:34
if it causes people to pull back investing and spending.
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ืื ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช.
03:38
In response, producers might cut operating costs
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ืชื›ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
03:41
to help weather the expected decline in demand.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ.
03:44
That can lead to a vicious cycle as cost cuts eventually lower wages,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื›ืฉื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:49
leading to even lower demand.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื ืžื•ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:52
Even policy designed to help prevent recessions can contribute.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื•ื.
03:57
When times are tough, governments and central banks may print money,
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ื›ืฉื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื“ืคื™ืกื• ื›ืกืฃ,
04:01
increase spending, and lower central bank interest rates.
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ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื•ื™ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
04:05
Smaller lenders can in turn lower their interest rates,
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ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
04:08
effectively making debt โ€œcheaperโ€ to boost spending.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
04:12
But these policies are not sustainable and eventually need to be reversed
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชื”ืคืš
04:16
to prevent excessive inflation.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช.
04:18
That can cause a recession if people have become too reliant on cheap debt
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืกืชืžื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ ื–ื•ืœ
04:23
and government stimulus.
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ืจื–ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื.
04:25
The Bronze recession in Britain eventually ended when the adoption of iron
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ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืฉืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ
04:30
helped revolutionize farming and food production.
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ืขื–ืจ ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.
04:33
Modern markets are more complex,
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ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:35
making todayโ€™s recessions far more difficult to navigate.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜.
04:39
But each recession provides new data to help anticipate and respond
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘
04:43
to future recessions more effectively.
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ืœืžื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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