The unexpected math behind Van Gogh's "Starry Night" - Natalya St. Clair

9,239,695 views ใƒป 2014-10-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:06
One of the most remarkable aspects of the human brain
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
00:10
is its ability to recognize patterns and describe them.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
00:13
Among the hardest patterns we've tried to understand
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:16
is the concept of turbulent flow in fluid dynamics.
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ื ืžืฆื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื.
00:20
The German physicist Werner Heisenberg said,
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ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื•ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ืืžืจ,
00:23
"When I meet God, I'm going to ask him two questions:
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"ื›ืฉืืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช:
00:27
why relativity and why turbulence?
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ืœืžื” ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžื” ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช?
00:30
I really believe he will have an answer for the first."
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”."
00:34
As difficult as turbulence is to understand mathematically,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
00:38
we can use art to depict the way it looks.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช.
00:42
In June 1889, Vincent van Gogh painted the view just before sunrise
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1889, ื•ื™ื ืกื ื˜ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื”
00:47
from the window of his room at the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole asylum
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ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืœ ื“ื” ืžืืกื•ืœ
00:51
in Saint-Rรฉmy-de-Provence,
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ื‘ืกื™ื ื˜ ืจืžื™ ื“ื” ืคืจื•ื‘ืื ืก,
00:53
where he'd admitted himself after mutilating his own ear
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ืœืฉื ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ืจืช ืืช ืื•ื–ื ื•
00:56
in a psychotic episode.
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ื‘ื”ืชืงืฃ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ื™.
00:59
In "The Starry Night," his circular brushstrokes
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ื‘ "ืœื™ืœื” ืžืœื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื," ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
01:02
create a night sky filled with swirling clouds and eddies of stars.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืžื™ ืœื™ืœื” ืžืœืื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื ืžืกืชื—ืจืจื™ื ื•ืื“ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:07
Van Gogh and other Impressionists represented light in a different way
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ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื•ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื’ื• ืื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื”
01:11
than their predecessors,
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ืžืงื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื”ื, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืชืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื,
01:12
seeming to capture its motion, for instance,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ืžื•ืืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
01:15
across sun-dappled waters,
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01:17
or here in star light that twinkles and melts
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ืื• ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื ืฆื ืฅ ื•ื ืžืก
01:21
through milky waves of blue night sky.
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ื“ืจืš ื’ืœื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ ืœื™ืœื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
01:24
The effect is caused by luminance,
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:27
the intensity of the light in the colors on the canvas.
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ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื ื‘ืก.
01:30
The more primitive part of our visual cortex,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:33
which sees light contrast and motion, but not color,
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ืฉืจื•ืื” ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฆื‘ืข,
01:37
will blend two differently colored areas together
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ื™ืžื–ื’ ืฉื ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:40
if they have the same luminance.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:42
But our brains' primate subdivision
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
01:45
will see the contrasting colors without blending.
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ืชืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืขืจื•ื‘.
01:48
With these two interpretations happening at once,
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ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
01:51
the light in many Impressionist works seems to pulse, flicker and radiate oddly.
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืจืื” ื›ืคื•ืขื, ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ื•ืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
01:57
That's how this and other Impressionist works
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ื›ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื›ื—ื•ืœ
02:00
use quickly executed prominent brushstrokes
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ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™
02:03
to capture something strikingly real about how light moves.
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ื‘ืื™ืš ืฉืื•ืจ ื ืข.
02:07
Sixty years later, Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov
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60 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืื ื“ืจื™ ืงื•ืœืžื•ื’ื•ืจื•ื‘
02:11
furthered our mathematical understanding of turbulence
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ื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
02:13
when he proposed that energy in a turbulent fluid at length R
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจืš R
02:18
varies in proportion to the 5/3rds power of R.
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ืžืฉืชื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื—ื–ืงืช 5/3 ืฉืœ R.
02:22
Experimental measurements show Kolmogorov
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ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืœืžื•ื’ื•ืจื•ื‘
02:24
was remarkably close to the way turbulent flow works,
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช,
02:27
although a complete description of turbulence
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืชืื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื ืฉืืจ
02:29
remains one of the unsolved problems in physics.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืคืชื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
02:33
A turbulent flow is self-similar if there is an energy cascade.
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ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืคืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:37
In other words, big eddies transfer their energy to smaller eddies,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื“ื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืื“ื•ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:41
which do likewise at other scales.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:43
Examples of this include Jupiter's Great Red Spot,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืชื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง,
02:47
cloud formations and interstellar dust particles.
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ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื™ื.
02:51
In 2004, using the Hubble Space Telescope,
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ื‘ 2004, ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ,
02:54
scientists saw the eddies of a distant cloud of dust and gas around a star,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื•ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ืŸ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉืœ ืื‘ืง ื•ื’ื– ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘,
02:59
and it reminded them of Van Gogh's "Starry Night."
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช "ืœื™ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš.
03:03
This motivated scientists from Mexico, Spain and England
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืจื™ืฅ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ื”
03:07
to study the luminance in Van Gogh's paintings in detail.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜.
03:11
They discovered that there is a distinct pattern of turbulent fluid structures
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช
03:15
close to Kolmogorov's equation hidden in many of Van Gogh's paintings.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื•ืกื—ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœืžื•ื’ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš.
03:20
The researchers digitized the paintings,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
03:23
and measured how brightness varies between any two pixels.
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ื•ืžื“ื“ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื.
03:26
From the curves measured for pixel separations,
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ืžื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืžื“ื“ื• ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ืคื™ืงืกืœื™ื,
03:29
they concluded that paintings from Van Gogh's period of psychotic agitation
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ื”ื ื”ืกื™ืงื• ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš
03:34
behave remarkably similar to fluid turbulence.
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ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื–ืœ.
03:37
His self-portrait with a pipe, from a calmer period in Van Gogh's life,
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื• ืขื ืžืงื˜ืจืช, ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืจื’ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš,
03:41
showed no sign of this correspondence.
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ืœื ืžืจืื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:44
And neither did other artists' work
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ืกื•ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
03:46
that seemed equally turbulent at first glance,
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03:49
like Munch's "The Scream."
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ื›ืžื• "ื”ืฆืขืงื”" ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ืง.
03:51
While it's too easy to say Van Gogh's turbulent genius
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ื” ืงืœ ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš
03:54
enabled him to depict turbulence,
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ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
03:57
it's also far too difficult to accurately express the rousing beauty of the fact
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
04:02
that in a period of intense suffering,
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ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ ืื“ื™ืจ,
04:04
Van Gogh was somehow able to perceive and represent
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ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื’
04:07
one of the most supremely difficult concepts
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ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื
04:10
nature has ever brought before mankind,
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืื™ ืคืขื,
04:13
and to unite his unique mind's eye
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ื•ืœืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
04:15
with the deepest mysteries of movement, fluid and light.
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ืขื ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ื”ืื•ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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