How your digestive system works - Emma Bryce

11,778,525 views ใƒป 2017-12-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ori Ben Valid ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Across the whole planet,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•,
00:07
humans eat on average between one and 2.7 kilograms of food a day.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 1 ืœ2.7 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื.
00:13
That's over 365 kilograms a year per person,
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ื‘ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 365 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืœืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
00:17
and more than 28,800 kilograms over the course of a lifetime.
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ื•ืœื›ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž28,800 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
00:23
And every last scrap makes its way through the digestive system.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
00:27
Comprised of ten organs covering nine meters,
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืขืฉืจื” ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ืชืฉืขื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
00:30
and containing over 20 specialized cell types,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืžืขืœ ืœ20 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
00:33
this is one of the most diverse and complicated systems in the human body.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื.
00:38
Its parts continuously work in unison to fulfill a singular task:
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ื—ืœืงื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“:
00:42
transforming the raw materials of your food
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ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ืื›ืœ
00:45
into the nutrients and energy that keep you alive.
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
00:48
Spanning the entire length of your torso,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืคืœื’ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:51
the digestive system has four main components.
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
00:54
First, there's the gastrointestinal tract,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
00:57
a twisting channel that transports your food
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ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืœื•ืคืคื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ืื›ืœ
00:59
and has an internal surface area of between 30 and 40 square meters,
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ื•ืœื”ื ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 30 ืœ 40 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื,
01:05
enough to cover half a badminton court.
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ื”ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:08
Second, there's the pancreas,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘,
01:09
gallbladder,
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ื›ื™ืก ื”ืžืจื”,
01:10
and liver,
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ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื“,
01:11
a trio of organs that break down food using an array of special juices.
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
01:16
Third, the body's enzymes,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:18
hormones,
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ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื,
01:19
nerves,
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01:19
and blood
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ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื,
ื•ื”ื“ื
01:20
all work together to break down food,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
01:23
modulate the digestive process,
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ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
01:25
and deliver its final products.
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ื•ืœืฉื ืข ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:27
Finally, there's the mesentery,
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืคื“ืจ,
01:29
a large stretch of tissue that supports
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ืจืฆืฃ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืžืš
01:32
and positions all your digestive organs in the abdomen,
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ื•ืžืžืงื ืืช ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ,
01:35
enabling them to do their jobs.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
01:37
The digestive process begins before food even hits your tongue.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
01:42
Anticipating a tasty morsel,
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ื‘ืขืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœื ื’ื™ืกื” ื˜ืขื™ืžื”,
01:44
glands in your mouth start to pump out saliva.
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืจื•ืง.
01:47
We produce about 1.5 liters of this liquid each day.
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ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›1.5 ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืง ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื.
01:52
Once inside your mouth,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื”,
01:53
chewing combines with the sloshing saliva
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ืœืขื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจื•ืง ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ื•ืคืจืฉ
01:56
to turn food into a moist lump called the bolus.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืจื›ื™ื, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื "ื‘ืœื™ืœื”"
02:00
Enzymes present in the saliva break down any starch.
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ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืง ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:04
Then, your food finds itself
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ื•ืื–, ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื ืขืฆืžื•
02:06
at the rim of a 25-centimeter-long tube called the esophagus,
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ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 25 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜,
02:10
down which it must plunge to reach the stomach.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”.
02:14
Nerves in the surrounding esophageal tissue
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ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืฉื˜
02:16
sense the bolus's presence and trigger peristalsis,
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ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”"ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœื˜ื™ืช",
02:20
a series of defined muscular contractions.
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ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ,
02:23
That propels the food into the stomach,
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ืืœื• ืžืฉื ืขื™ื ืืช ื‘ืœื™ืœืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”,
02:25
where it's left at the mercy of the muscular stomach walls,
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ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื—ืกื“ื™ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ,
02:29
which bound the bolus, breaking it into chunks.
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ื”ืœืฉื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืœื™ืœืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคืจืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:32
Hormones, secreted by cells in the lining, trigger the release of acids
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ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”,
02:37
and enzyme-rich juices from the stomach wall
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ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืฆื™ื ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”
02:39
that start to dissolve the food and break down its proteins.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืกืก ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•.
02:43
These hormones also alert the pancreas,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘,
02:45
liver,
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ื”ื›ื‘ื“,
02:46
and gallbladder
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ื•ื›ื™ืก ื”ืžืจื”
02:47
to produce digestive juices
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ
02:49
and transfer bile, a yellowish-green liquid that digests fat,
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ื•ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง-ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืžืขื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ,
02:53
in preparation for the next stage.
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ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
02:56
After three hours inside the stomach,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืจื’ืข ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื‘ื”,
02:58
the once shapely bolus is now a frothy liquid called chyme,
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ืชื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื•ื–ืœ ืžื•ืงืฆืฃ
03:02
and it's ready to move into the small intestine.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง.
03:05
The liver sends bile to the gallbladder,
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ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžืจื” ืžื›ื™ืก ื”ืžืจื”
03:08
which secretes it into the first portion of the small intestine called the duodenum.
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ื•ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ืชืจื™ืกืจื™ื•ืŸ"
03:14
Here, it dissolves the fats floating in the slurry of chyme
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ื‘ืชืจื™ืกืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื ื•ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืœืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช
03:17
so they can be easily digested by the pancreatic and intestinal juices
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืขื›ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฆื™ ื”ืžืจื” ื•ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘
03:22
that have leached onto the scene.
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ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง.
03:24
These enzyme-rich juices break the fat molecules down into fatty acids
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ืžื™ืฆื™ื ืืœื•, ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ
03:29
and glycerol for easier absorption into the body.
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ื•ืœื’ืœื™ืฆืจื•ืœ , ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื.
03:33
The enzymes also carry out the final deconstruction
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ืœืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืกื•ืคื™
03:35
of proteins into amino acids
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
03:38
and carbohydrates into glucose.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื ืœื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–.
03:40
This happens in the small intestine's lower regions,
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง,
03:43
the jejunum and ileum,
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ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ืจื™ืง, ื•ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ืขืงื•ื
03:45
which are coated in millions of tiny projections called villi.
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ืืฉืจ ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื "ืžื™ืงืจื•ื•ื™ืœื™"
03:49
These create a huge surface area to maximize molecule absorption
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ืชืื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
03:54
and transference into the blood stream.
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื.
03:56
The blood takes them on the final leg of their journey
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ื”ื“ื, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืข
03:59
to feed the body's organs and tissues.
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ืœื”ื–ื ืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:02
But it's not over quite yet.
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ืืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ.
04:04
Leftover fiber,
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ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื,
04:05
water,
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ืžื™ื,
04:06
and dead cells sloughed off during digestion
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ื•ืชืื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ
04:09
make it into the large intestine, also known as the colon.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืืœ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก,
04:13
The body drains out most of the remaining fluid through the intestinal wall.
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ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื ืงื– ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื“ืจืš ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™.
04:17
What's left is a soft mass called stool.
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ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืขื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืื”.
04:20
The colon squeezes this byproduct into a pouch called the rectum,
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ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ื“ื•ื—ืง ืืช ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื–ื” ืืœ ื›ื™ืก ื”ื ืงืจื ืจืงื˜ื•ื
04:24
where nerves sense it expanding
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ืฉื ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืชื•
04:26
and tell the body when it's time to expel the waste.
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ื•"ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื" ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืกืœืง ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช
04:29
The byproducts of digestion exit through the anus
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ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช
04:32
and the food's long journey,
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ื•ืžืกืขื• ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
04:33
typically lasting between 30 and 40 hours,
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ื”ืื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 30 ืœ40 ืฉืขื•ืช,
04:36
is finally complete.
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืชื ื•ื ืฉืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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