How one person saved over 2,000 children from the Nazis - Iseult Gillespie

1,973,385 views ใƒป 2021-06-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
In Warsaw, late October 1943,
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ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื”, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1943,
00:10
Irena Sendler and Janina Grabowska were enjoying a rare moment of peace
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ืื™ืจื ื” ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื” ื’ืจื‘ื•ืกืงื” ื ื”ื ื• ืžืจื’ืข ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื•ื”
00:16
in their war-torn city.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงืจื•ืขืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
00:18
But their laughter froze when they heard the Gestapo pounding on Sendlerโ€™s door.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆื—ื•ืงืŸ ืงืคื ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ื’ืกื˜ืืคื• ื“ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื“ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืœืจ.
00:24
Sendler rushed to the window to dispose of incriminating evidenceโ€”
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ืกื ื“ืœืจ ืžื™ื”ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ ืžืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืœื™ืœื•ืช --
00:28
only to see more police patrolling below.
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ื•ืจืืชื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืžืคื˜ืจืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘.
00:32
Knowing she was minutes from arrest,
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืชื™ืขืฆืจ,
00:34
she tossed Janina her most dangerous possession:
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ื”ื™ื ื–ืจืงื” ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื”:
00:37
a glass jar containing the names of over 2,000 Jewish children
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ืฆื ืฆื ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœืžืขืœ 2000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
00:43
sheโ€™d smuggled to safety.
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ืื•ืชื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
00:45
This arrest wasnโ€™t the first consequence Sendler had faced
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ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืกื ื“ืœืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื”
00:48
in her lifelong crusade against anti-Semitism.
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ื‘ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
00:52
Born to Catholic parents in 1910, she grew up in a predominantly Jewish town
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ 1910, ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื”
00:57
where her father treated poor Jewish patients other doctors refused to help.
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ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ.
01:03
Irena was furious at the constant discrimination against her Jewish friends.
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ืื™ืจื ื” ื–ืขืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืืคืœื™ื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื ื’ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
01:08
As a graduate student in social welfare at the University of Warsaw,
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ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืจืฉื”,
01:12
Sendler publicly denounced the segregation of classrooms
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ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื”ื•ืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช
01:16
and defaced her non-Jewish identity cardโ€”
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ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื” --
01:18
earning her a suspension and a reputation for troublemaking.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ื”ืฉืขื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
01:23
Buoyed by her socialist ideals and inspired by her fellow social workers,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื,
01:28
Sendler assisted vulnerable Jewish families across Warsaw,
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ืกื ื“ืœืจ ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื•ื•ืจืฉื”,
01:32
pushing back on the waves of anti-Semitism surging through Europe.
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ื•ื“ื—ืงื” ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:36
But in September 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1939, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืคืœืฉื” ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ,
01:42
bringing laws that further eroded Jewish rights.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืฉื—ืงื• ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
01:46
In 1940, Hitler announced that hundreds of thousands of Jews in Warsaw
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ื‘ 1940, ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื”
01:51
were to be forced into just over one square mile of land.
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ื™ื•ื›ืจื—ื• ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:56
Bordered by high walls and subject to constant surveillance,
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ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืข,
02:00
families living in the Warsaw Ghetto quickly became starving and sick.
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ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื˜ื• ื•ื•ืจืฉื” ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืžื•ืจืขื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœื•ืช.
02:06
Appalled, Sendler and her colleagues secured passes to the ghetto
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ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืขืช, ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื’ื˜ื•
02:10
on the pretense of checking for typhus outbreaks.
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ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก.
02:13
At first, her group worked to smuggle in resources
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื” ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ืคื ื™ืžื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
02:17
with the help of sympathetic Polish officials and the medical underground.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ืชื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
02:21
But as desperate parents began sending their children through sewers
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘
02:24
and over walls,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช,
02:26
it became clear that to help these people survive,
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ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
02:29
Sendler needed to help them escape.
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ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
02:32
Sendler and her associates developed a coordinated campaign of rescue missions.
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ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื” ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืžืกืข ืžืชื•ืื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื”.
02:37
Children were bundled into dirty laundry, packed into boxes on cargo trains,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช, ืืจื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื,
02:42
and carried beneath the Gestapoโ€™s noses in coffins, toolboxes, and briefcases.
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ื•ื ื™ืฉืื• ืชื—ืช ืืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืกื˜ืคื• ื‘ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื, ืืจื’ื–ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื.
02:49
Bigger children escaped through the courthouse and church,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื—ื• ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื”,
02:52
which straddled the ghettoโ€™s boundaries.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื˜ื•.
02:54
Sendler helped ferry these children to safe houses,
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ืกื ื“ืœืจ ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื,
02:57
before forging them new documents and sending them to orphanages,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื™ื™ืคื• ืœื”ื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื,
03:01
convents, and foster families across Poland.
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ืœืžื ื–ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืžื ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ.
03:05
To retain their Jewish identities and keep track of every child,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“,
03:09
Sendler kept painstaking records on thin cigarette paper
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ืกื ื“ืœืจ ืฉืžืจื” ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ืงื™ื
03:13
and stored them in glass jars.
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ื•ืื’ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
03:16
This work was punishable by death.
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ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื•ืช.
03:19
But for Sendler, such consequences paled in comparison
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื ื“ืœืจ, ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ืจื• ืœืขื•ืžืช
03:23
to the pain of convincing parents to part with their childrenโ€”
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ื”ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื™ื”ื --
03:27
often with no promise of a reunion.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“.
03:31
In 1942, the Nazis began transporting Jews from the ghetto
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ื‘ 1942, ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื˜ื•
03:35
into concentration camps.
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ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–.
03:37
Sendler worked with new urgency,
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ืกื ื“ืœืจ ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
03:40
joining forces with the Nazi resistance group called Zegota.
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ื•ืฆืจืคื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื–ื’ื•ื˜ื”.
03:44
Zegota helped Sendler expand her operation by stashing money for her
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ื–ื’ื•ื˜ื” ืขื–ืจื” ืœืกื ื“ืœืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืืช ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”
03:49
in post boxes across Warsaw.
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ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื•ื•ืจืฉื”.
03:51
But this system would also be Sendlerโ€™s downfall.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ืžืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืœืจ.
03:55
When the Gestapo threatened a laundry owner whose business
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืกื˜ืคื• ืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื›ื‘ืกื” ืฉื‘ืขืกืง ืฉืœื”
03:58
contained a Zegota post box,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื™ื‘ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื’ื•ื˜ื”,
04:00
she gave them Sendlerโ€™s name.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ืืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืœืจ.
04:03
At 3am on October 20th, the Gestapo burst into Sendlerโ€™s apartment,
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ื‘ 3 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื’ืกื˜ืคื• ืคืจืฅ ืœื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืœืจ,
04:09
arresting her for aiding Jews throughout the country.
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ื•ืขืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
04:13
The police had captured Sendler, but her records remained safe.
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื›ื“ื” ืืช ืกื ื“ืœืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื” ื ืฉืžืจ.
04:17
Janina protected the childrenโ€™s names with her life,
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ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”,
04:20
all without knowing whether her friend would ever return.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ.
04:25
Despite enduring months of physical and psychological torture,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
04:29
Sendler betrayed no information.
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ืกื ื“ืœืจ ืœื ื ืชื ื” ืฉื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข.
04:32
Defiant to the end, she was sentenced to execution on January 20th, 1944.
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ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืคื˜ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ 20 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1944.
04:39
But as she walked to her death, a German officer diverted her course.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžื•ืชื”, ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ื˜ื” ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื”.
04:44
Zegota had paid the Gestapo the modern equivalent of over $100,000
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ื–ื’ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœื’ืกื˜ืคื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœ 100,000$ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
04:49
for Sendlerโ€™s release.
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ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืœืจ.
04:51
That night as she listened to bullhorns proclaiming her death,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืื–ื™ื ื” ืœืฆื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื”,
04:55
Sendlerโ€™s work began anew.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
04:57
Remaining in hiding, she continued to oversee Zegotaโ€™s rescue missions
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ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื‘ื•ื, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ื’ื•ื˜ื”
05:02
until Germanyโ€™s defeat in 1945.
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ืขื“ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ 1945.
05:06
After the war, Sendler reconnected with the children sheโ€™d helped escape,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื—,
05:11
remaining in contact with many for the rest of her life.
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ื•ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”.
05:14
And while the new Polish government sought to suppress her story,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
05:18
the children she rescued ensured she was recognized for her work.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื” ื“ืื’ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”.
05:22
Yet despite all the lives she saved,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื”,
05:26
Sendler remained hesitant to accept praise for her actions, remarking,
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ืกื ื“ืœืจ ื ืฉืืจื” ืžื”ื•ืกืกืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ื˜ืขื ื”,
05:30
โ€œI continue to have qualms of conscience that I did so little.โ€
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โ€œืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜.โ€
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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