What happens when you remove the hippocampus? - Sam Kean

4,858,155 views ใƒป 2014-08-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
On September 1st, 1953,
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ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, 1953,
00:09
William Scoville used a hand crank and a cheap drill saw
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ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืกืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื“ื—ื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื— ื–ื•ืœ
00:13
to bore into a young man's skull, cutting away vital pieces of his brain
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื•ื— ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื—ืชืš ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื•
00:17
and sucking them out through a metal tube.
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ื•ืฉืื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืชื›ืช.
00:20
But this wasn't a scene from a horror film or a gruesome police report.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกืฆื ื” ืžืกืจื˜ ืื™ืžื” ืื• ื“ื•"ื— ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ ื“ื•ื—ื”.
00:25
Dr. Scoville was one of the most renowned neurosurgeons of his time,
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ื“"ืจ ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ืชื—ื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
00:29
and the young man was Henry Molaison, the famous patient known as "H.M.",
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ื•ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืจื™ ืžื•ืœื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉืžื• "H.M.",
00:35
whose case provided amazing insights into how our brains work.
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ืฉื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื• ืกื™ืคืง ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ื“.
00:40
As a boy, Henry had cracked his skull in an accident
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ื›ื™ืœื“, ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื™ืฆื— ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”
00:43
and soon began having seizures, blacking out and losing control of bodily functions.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชืงืคื™ื, ื”ืชืขืœืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:49
After enduring years of frequent episodes, and even dropping out of high school,
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ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ ืžื”ืชืงืคื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:53
the desperate young man had turned to Dr. Scoville,
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ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืืฉ ืคื ื” ืœื“ืจ' ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืœ,
00:57
a daredevil known for risky surgeries.
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ืื™ืฉ ื ื•ืขื– ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
01:00
Partial lobotomies had been used for decades to treat mental patients
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ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ
01:04
based on the notion that mental functions were strictly localized
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™
01:07
to corresponding brain areas.
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ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
01:10
Having successfully used them to reduce seizures in psychotics,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื,
01:14
Scoville decided to remove H.M.'s hippocampus,
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ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ืฉืœ H.M.,
01:17
a part of the limbic system that was associated with emotion
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช
01:21
but whose function was unknown.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื”.
01:23
At first glance, the operation had succeeded.
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
01:26
H.M.'s seizures virtually disappeared, with no change in personality,
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ื”ื”ืชืงืคื™ื ืฉืœ H.M. ื ืขืœืžื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช,
01:30
and his IQ even improved.
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ื•ืจืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืชืคืจื”.
01:32
But there was one problem: His memory was shot.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช: ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื ื“ืคืง.
01:36
Besides losing most of his memories from the previous decade,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื,
01:39
H.M. was unable to form new ones, forgetting what day it was,
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H.M. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืฉื›ื— ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื–ื”,
01:43
repeating comments, and even eating multiple meals in a row.
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ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื›ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ.
01:48
When Scoville informed another expert, Wilder Penfield, of the results,
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ื›ืฉืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืžื•ืžื—ื” ืื—ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืจ ืคื ืคื™ืœื“, ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”,
01:52
he sent a Ph.D student named Brenda Milner to study H.M. at his parents' home,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื“ื” ืžื™ืœื ืจ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช H.M. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื•,
01:57
where he now spent his days doing odd chores,
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
02:00
and watching classic movies for the first time, over and over.
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ื•ืฆืคื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
02:04
What she discovered through a series of tests and interviews
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื“ืจืš ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช
02:07
didn't just contribute greatly to the study of memory.
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ืœื ืจืง ืชืจื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
02:10
It redefined what memory even meant.
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ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
02:13
One of Milner's findings shed light on the obvious fact
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื ืจ ื”ืื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
02:16
that although H.M. couldn't form new memories, he still retained information
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉ H.M. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืจ ืžื™ื“ืข
02:21
long enough from moment to moment to finish a sentence or find the bathroom.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื.
02:26
When Milner gave him a random number,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืœื ืจ ื ืชื ื” ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืืงืจืื™,
02:28
he managed to remember it for fifteen minutes
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื“ืงื•ืช
02:31
by repeating it to himself constantly.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช.
02:33
But only five minutes later, he forgot the test had even taken place.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
02:38
Neuroscientists had though of memory as monolithic,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื— ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™,
02:41
all of it essentially the same and stored throughout the brain.
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ื›ื•ืœื• ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื ืื’ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
02:45
Milner's results were not only the first clue for the now familiar distinction
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื ืจ ืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืžื– ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
02:49
between short-term and long-term memory,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื•ืงืฆืจ,
02:52
but show that each uses different brain regions.
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ืืœื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:56
We now know that memory formation involves several steps.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื.
02:59
After immediate sensory data is temporarily transcribed by neurons in the cortex,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก,
03:04
it travels to the hippocampus,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก,
03:06
where special proteins work to strengthen the cortical synaptic connections.
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ืฉื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ืคืกื™ื™ื.
03:12
If the experience was strong enough,
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ืื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง,
03:13
or we recall it periodically in the first few days,
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:16
the hippocampus then transfers the memory back to the cortex for permanent storage.
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ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื– ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ืœืื›ืกื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
03:22
H.M.'s mind could form the initial impressions,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ H.M. ื™ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช,
03:25
but without a hippocampus to perform this memory consolidation,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืžื™ืฆื•ืง ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
03:29
they eroded, like messages scrawled in sand.
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ื”ื ื ืฉื—ืงื•, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœ.
03:33
But this was not the only memory distinction Milner found.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืœื ืจ ืžืฆืื”.
03:36
In a now famous experiment, she asked H.M. to trace a third star
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืž H.M. ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
03:41
in the narrow space between the outlines of two concentric ones
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื
03:45
while he could only see his paper and pencil through a mirror.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืžืจืื”.
03:49
Like anyone else performing such an awkward task for the first time,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื˜ืœื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
03:52
he did horribly.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืข.
03:54
But surprisingly, he improved over repeated trials,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืคืจ ืขื ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
03:57
even though he had no memory of previous attempts.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.
04:01
His unconscious motor centers remembered what the conscious mind had forgotten.
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ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื• ื–ื›ืจื• ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ืฉื›ื—.
04:06
What Milner had discovered was that the declarative memory of names, dates and facts
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ืžื” ืฉืžื™ืœื ืจ ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช, ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
04:11
is different from the procedural memory of riding a bicycle or signing your name.
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืฉื.
04:17
And we now know that procedural memory
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจืœื™
04:19
relies more on the basal ganglia and cerebellum,
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ืžืกืชืžืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื–ืœื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื‘ืœื•ื,
04:22
structures that were intact in H.M.'s brain.
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ H.M.
04:26
This distinction between "knowing that" and "knowing how"
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ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”" ืœ"ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš"
04:29
has underpinned all memory research since.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืื–.
04:32
H.M. died at the age of 82 after a mostly peaceful life in a nursing home.
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H.M ืžืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 82 ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช.
04:38
Over the years, he had been examined by more than 100 neuroscientists,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื—,
04:42
making his the most studied mind in history.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื• ืœื ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
04:45
Upon his death, his brain was preserved and scanned
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ืขื ืžื•ืชื•, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื• ื ืฉืžืจ ื•ื ืกืจืง
04:48
before being cut into over 2000 individual slices
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื—ืชืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2000 ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช
04:52
and photographed to form a digital map down to the level of individual neurons,
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ื•ืฆื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืคื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
04:57
all in a live broadcast watched by 400,000 people.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืฉื ืฆืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 400,000 ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:02
Though H.M. spent most of his life forgetting things,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉ H.M. ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื—ื”,
05:04
he and his contributions to our understanding of memory
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ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
05:07
will be remembered for generations to come.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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