The rise and fall of the Kingdom of Man - Andrew McDonald

1,170,980 views ใƒป 2021-07-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
On a small island in the middle of the Irish Sea,
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ืขืœ ืื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื™,
00:10
fortresses preside over the rugged shores.
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ืžื‘ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื ื™ื.
00:13
This unlikely location was the birthplace of a medieval empire
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
00:18
that lasted 200 years, ruled by a dynasty of sea kings.
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ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” 200 ืฉื ื”, ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื.
00:23
The first of these kings was Godred Crovan,
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ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื“ืจื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ืืŸ,
00:26
a notorious warlord descended from Irish and Viking rulers.
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ืœื•ืจื“ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื™ืœื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืจื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื.
00:33
Starting in 1079, Godred consolidated power
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ 1079, ื’ื•ื“ืจื“ ืื™ื—ื“ ื›ื•ื—
00:37
over the Isle of Man and the Hebrides,
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ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ืžืืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื‘ืจื™ื“ืก,
00:39
a collection of islands off the west coast of Scotland.
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ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฃ ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“.
00:42
He seized control of important sea routes between the British Isles,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืคืฉ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื,
00:46
Scandinavia, and the North Atlantic.
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ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
00:51
A turbulent period followed Godredโ€™s death,
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ืชืงื•ืคื” ืกื•ืขืจืช ื‘ืื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืจื“,
00:54
characterised by invasions from Norway and Ireland,
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ืฉืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื™ืจืœื ื“,
00:57
and intense feuding between princes.
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ื•ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื.
01:00
But his descendants held on to power,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—,
01:02
building coastal fortresses, roving the seaways,
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ื•ื‘ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืจื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ืฆืคื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
01:06
throwing themselves into epic battles,
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ื–ืจืงื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคื™ื,
01:08
and consolidating control over an impressive maritime kingdom.
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ื•ืื™ื—ื“ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžืžืœื›ื” ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”.
01:13
The inhabitants of this kingdom had both Gaelic and Norse roots,
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ืœืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื,
01:17
and many probably spoke both languages.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช.
01:20
Those on the Isle of Man were known as the Manx people,
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ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ืžืืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืื ืฉื™ ืžืื ืงืก,
01:23
while those in the Hebrides were known as Islanders or People of the Isles.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื‘ืจื™ื“ืก ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืื ืฉื™ ืื™ ืื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื™ื.
01:29
Though we still donโ€™t know for sure how many there were,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื•,
01:32
we do know this relatively small group had an outsize impact on the region.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
01:38
Perched on cliffs with sweeping views and safe harbors,
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ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ืงื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืคื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื,
01:41
seaside fortresses helped the kings control shipping, commerce, and resources.
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ืžื‘ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœืžืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
01:46
The empire commanded vast fleets of Viking-style long ships,
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™,
01:51
which they used for trading, raiding, and plundering the seas.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืœืžืกื—ืจ, ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื™ื–ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
01:56
Observing this prowess, many neighboring rulers sought their aid.
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ื›ืฉืฆืคื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืืช ืขื–ืจืชื.
02:01
The brothers Rognvald and Olaf each solved neighborsโ€™ maritime woes:
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ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจื•ื’ื ื‘ืœื“ ื•ืื•ืœืืฃ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืคืชืจ ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื™ื”ื:
02:06
King Rognvald supplied military assistance to the Scottish king,
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ื”ืžืœืš ืจื•ื’ื ื•ื•ืœื“ ืกื™ืคืง ืกื™ื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœืžืœืš ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™,
02:10
and King Olafโ€™s forces served as a Coast Guard
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ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืื•ืœืืฃ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžืฉืžืจ ื—ื•ืคื™ื
02:14
at the English King Henry IIIโ€™s requestโ€” for a hefty fee.
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ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ -- ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:19
The sea kings also sparred with their powerful neighbors,
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ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
02:23
but they had a particularly bitter rivalry with another dynasty in their own isles:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื:
02:28
a line of rulers in the Hebrides.
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ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื.
02:31
In the 1150s, a chieftain of this line, Somerled,
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ื‘ 1150, ืฆื™โ€™ืคื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช, ืกื•ืžืจืœื“,
02:34
defeated the Manx King, his brother-in-law, in a naval battle
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ื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ืžืœืš ื”ืžื ืงืก, ื’ื™ืกื•, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืžื™
02:39
and formed a rival Kingdom of the Isles, fracturing the old kingdom.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืžืžืœื›ื” ืžืชื—ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื”.
02:44
This began a century-long rivalry between Somerledโ€™s line,
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืกื•ืžืจืœื“,
02:48
who ruled the southern and central Hebrides,
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ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ื‘ืจื™ื“ืก,
02:51
and the Manx Kings, who ruled the Isle of Man and northern Hebrides,
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ื•ืžืœื›ื™ ืžืื ืงืก, ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืื™ ืžืืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ืจื™ื“ืก,
02:55
to control the seaways.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
02:57
Family feuds often blossomed into bitter civil wars.
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ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืคืจื—ื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืช.
03:01
In 1223, King Rognvald sent a letter to his son
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ื‘ 1223, ื”ืžืœืš ืจื•ื’ื ื•ื•ืœื“ ืฉืœื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•
03:05
commanding him to murder his uncle Olaf.
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ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืืช ื“ื•ื“ื• ืื•ืœืืฃ.
03:08
When Olaf discovered the plot, he launched a vicious attack on his nephew,
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ื›ืฉืื•ืœืืฃ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืžืชืงืคื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
03:12
blinding and mutilating him.
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ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืื•ืชื•.
03:15
After Rognvaldโ€™s death several years later,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื’ื ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:17
people realized the letter ordering the attack might have been forged.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื•ื™ื™ืฃ.
03:22
The Manx kings attempted to resolve disagreements at Tynwald,
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ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืื ืงืก ื ื™ืกื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื“,
03:26
an open-air parliament centered on a mound,
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ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืžืžื•ืจื›ื– ืขืœ ืชืœ,
03:29
where assemblies ruled on matters of justice and other issues.
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ืฉื ืืกืคื•ืช ืคืกืงื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฆื“ืง ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:33
Such sites were commonly used in the Viking world
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ื›ืืœื” ืืชืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™
03:36
for resolving anything from local disputes to matters involving kings.
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ืœืคืชื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืœื›ื™ื.
03:41
These meetings didnโ€™t always go smoothlyโ€”
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ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืง --
03:44
sometimes violence erupted,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคืจืฆื”,
03:46
and in 1237, two rival factions squabbled to the point
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ื•ื‘ 1237, ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”
03:50
of breaking up the assembly at Tynwald.
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ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืง ื”ืืกืคื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“.
03:53
The four-tiered mound at Tynwald survives to this day,
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ื”ืชืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“ ืฉื•ืจื“ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:57
and the modern Manx parliament still holds an annual meeting there.
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ื•ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืžืื ืงืก ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉื.
04:02
In 1248, King Harald of Man died in a shipwreck
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ื‘ 1248, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจืœื“ ืžืžืืŸ ืžืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื”
04:06
and was succeeded by his brother.
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ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ื•.
04:09
Weeks into the new kingโ€™s reign, a rebel knight assassinated him.
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ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืื‘ื™ืจ ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ื•.
04:14
His brother Magnus died in 1265 at Castle Rushenโ€” without an heir.
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ืื—ื™ื• ืžื’ื ื•ืก ืžืช ื‘ 1265 ื‘ื˜ื™ืจืช ืจื•ืฉืืŸ -- ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื•ืจืฉ.
04:20
According to one scribe, his death marked the day that
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ืœืคื™ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืื—ืช, ืžื•ืชื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื•
04:24
โ€œkings ceased to reign in Man.โ€
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โ€œืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืืŸ.โ€
04:27
Scotland annexed Man and the Isles the next year, in 1266.
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ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ืกื™ืคื—ื” ืืช ืžืืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ 1266.
04:32
We know about the exploits of the sea kings primarily from a chronicle
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืœืœื™ ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
04:36
written by Christian scribes living on the Isle of Man,
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ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ ืžืืŸ,
04:40
and from the praise poems composed to celebrate the kingsโ€™ victories.
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ื•ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื.
04:44
Today, although the sea kings are long gone,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืœื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
04:48
their presence remains etched onto the landscape.
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ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ืฉืืจื” ื—ืจื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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