Who IS Sherlock Holmes - Neil McCaw

2,537,829 views ใƒป 2016-05-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
More than a century after first emerging
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
00:10
into the fog-bound, gas-lit streets of Victorian London,
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ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ืขืจืคืœ ื•ืžื•ืืจื™ ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื–,
00:14
Sherlock Holmes is universally recognizable.
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ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื”ื•ืœืžืก ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:18
Even his wardrobe and accessories are iconic:
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืœืชื—ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ื™ื:
00:21
the Inverness cape,
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ื”ืฉื›ืžื™ื”,
00:22
deerstalker hat,
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ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœื•,
00:24
and calabash pipe,
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ื•ืžืงื˜ืจืช ื”ื“ืœืขืช,
00:26
and figures such as his best friend and housemate Doctor Watson,
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ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ,
00:29
arch-nemesis Moriarty,
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ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืจื™ืืจื˜ื™,
00:31
and housekeeper Mrs. Hudson
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื“ืกื•ืŸ
00:33
have become part of the popular consciousness,
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช,
00:37
as have his extraordinary, infallible powers of deduction
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืงื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื”ืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
00:40
utilized in the name of the law,
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืง,
00:42
his notorious drug use,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื” ืฉืœื•,
00:44
and his popular catchphrase, "Elementary, my dear Watson."
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•, "ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ."
00:49
And yet many of these most recognizable features of Holmes
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœืžืก
00:52
don't appear in Arthur Conan Doyle's original stories.
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ืœื ืžื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ื™ืœ.
00:56
Doyle's great detective solves crimes in all sorts of ways,
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ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืชืจ ืคืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
01:00
not just using deduction.
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื”ืกืง ืœื•ื’ื™.
01:02
He speculates, and at times even guesses, and regularly makes false assumptions.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืขืจ, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื ื—ืฉ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:08
Furthermore, Mrs. Hudson is barely mentioned,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื“ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช,
01:10
no one says, "Elementary, my dear Watson,"
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ, "ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ,"
01:13
and the detective and his sidekick live apart for much of the time.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:18
Moriarty, the grand villain, only appears in two stories,
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ืžื•ืจืืจื˜ื™, ื”ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
01:21
the detective's drug use is infrequent after the first two novels,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ื•ื ืืงืจืื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:25
and Holmes is rarely enthralled to the English legal system;
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ื•ื”ื•ืœืžืก ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืงืกื ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช;
01:29
He much prefers enacting his own form of natural justice
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฆื“ืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืฉืœื•
01:32
to sticking to the letter of the law.
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ืžืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘.
01:35
Finally, many of the most iconic elements of the Holmesian legend
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ืช ื”ื•ืœืžืก
01:38
aren't Doyle's either.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื™ื™ืœ.
01:40
The deerstalker cap and cape were first imagined by Sidney Paget,
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ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื›ืžื™ื” ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื“ื ื™ ืคืื’'ื˜,
01:44
the story's initial illustrator.
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ื”ืžืื™ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
01:47
the curved pipe was chosen by American actor William Gillette
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ื”ืžืงื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืขื•ืงืœืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’'ื™ืœื˜
01:51
so that audiences could more clearly see his face on stage,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”,
01:55
and the phrase, "Elementary, my dear Watson,"
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, "ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ,"
01:57
was coined by author and humorist P.G. Wodehouse.
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ื ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืค.ื’. ื•ื•ื“ื”ืื•ืก.
02:01
So who exactly is Sherlock Holmes?
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ืื– ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื”ื•ืœืžืก?
02:04
Who's the real great detective, and where do we find him?
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ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ืื™ืคื” ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื•?
02:07
Purists might answer that the original Sherlock
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ื˜ื”ืจื ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™
02:10
inspired by Arthur Conan Doyle's university mentor Dr. Joseph Bell
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ืฉื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืžื ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื“ืจ ื’'ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืœ
02:15
is the real one.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
02:17
But the fact remains that that version of Sherlock has been largely eclipsed
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื ืฉืืจืช ืฉื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื”ื•ืืคืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
02:21
by the sheer volume of interpretation,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืฉ,
02:24
leaving Doyle's detective largely unrecognizable.
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ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.
02:28
So there's another, more complex,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
02:29
but perhaps more satisfying answer to the question,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืฉืืœื”,
02:33
but to get there, we must first consider the vast body of interpretations
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื
02:37
of the great detective.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:39
Since Conan Doyle's first story in 1887,
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ืžืื– ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ 1887,
02:42
there have been thousands of adaptations of Holmes,
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ื”ื™ื• ืืœืคื™ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœืžืก,
02:45
making him perhaps the most adapted fictional character in the world.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืชืืžืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:50
That process began with Victorian stage adaptations,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืžื”,
02:54
and accelerated with the emergence of film.
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ื•ื”ืื™ืฅ ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข.
02:57
There were more than 100 film adaptations of Holmes
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœืžืก
03:00
in the first two decades of the 20th century alone.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:03
And since then, there have many thousands more in print,
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ื•ืžืื–, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก,
03:07
and on film,
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ื•/ืื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข,
03:08
television,
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ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื”,
03:09
stage,
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03:09
and radio.
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”,
ื•ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•.
03:10
Holmes has been reinterpreted by people everywhere,
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ื”ื•ืœืžืก ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
03:13
in remarkably different, and often contradictory ways.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
03:17
These adaptations demonstrate both Holmes's popularity
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ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœืžืก
03:20
and his malleability.
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
03:22
For instance, he featured in a number of allied anti-Nazi propaganda films
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืื ื˜ื™ ื ืืฆื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
03:27
during World War II.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
03:29
And both Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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ื•ื’ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ื•ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื“ืœื ื• ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜
03:32
were avid enthusiasts,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื,
03:34
the latter even joining the Baker Street Irregulars,
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ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืงืจ,
03:37
a Holmesian appreciation society,
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ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืœืžืก,
03:39
and nicknaming one secret service hideout Baker Street.
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ื•ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืงืจ.
03:43
And yet, at the very same time,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
03:45
Holmes also appeared in various German-language film adaptations,
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ื”ื•ืœืžืก ื’ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช,
03:49
some of which were said to have been much-loved favorites of Adolf Hitler.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ.
03:54
So let's return to our question.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:56
Would the real Sherlock Holmes please stand up?
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ื”ืื ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื”ื•ืœืžืก ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”?
03:59
The truth is that this world of adaptation has made him into a palimpsest.
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืœื™ืžืคืกืกื˜.
04:03
Sherlock is a cultural text,
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ืฉืจืœื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
04:06
repeatedly altered over time as each new interpretation becomes superimposed
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ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืคืจื•ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
04:11
over those that proceed it.
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ืขืœ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื•.
04:13
This means that Sherlock continually evolves,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉืจืœื•ืง ืžืชืคืชื— ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
04:16
embodying ideas and values often far removed
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ื•ืžื’ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•
04:20
from those found in Conan Doyle.
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ืžืืœื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืืฆืœ ืงื•ื ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื™ืœ.
04:22
And after each particular story ends, Sherlock rises again,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืจืœื•ืง ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื‘,
04:26
a little changed, perhaps,
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื˜, ืื•ืœื™,
04:28
with a new face and fresh mannerisms or turns of phrase,
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ืขื ืคื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื,
04:32
but still essentially Sherlock, our Sherlock.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืจืœื•ืง, ืฉืจืœื•ืง ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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