History vs. Christopher Columbus - Alex Gendler

5,203,709 views ใƒป 2014-10-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Many people in the United States and Latin America
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช
00:09
have grown up celebrating the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's voyage,
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ื’ื“ืœื• ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก,
00:14
but was he an intrepid explorer who brought two worlds together
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืžื™ืฅ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช
00:18
or a ruthless exploiter who brought colonialism and slavery?
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ืื• ื ืฆืœืŸ ื—ืกืจ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช?
00:22
And did he even discover America at all?
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”?
00:26
It's time to put Columbus on the stand in History vs. Christopher Columbus.
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ืขืœ ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก.
00:32
"Order, order in the court.
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"ืกื“ืจ, ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
00:34
Wait, am I even supposed to be at work today?"
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ื—ื›ื•, ืื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื?"
00:36
Cough
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ
00:37
"Yes, your Honor.
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"ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•,
00:39
From 1792, Columbus Day was celebrated in many parts of the United States
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ืž 1792, ื™ื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ืžื•ืก ื ื—ื’ื’ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:43
on October 12th, the actual anniversary date.
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ื‘12 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืขืฆืžื•.
00:47
But although it was declared an official holiday in 1934,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ 1934,
00:51
individual states aren't required to observe it.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื•.
00:54
Only 23 states close public services,
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ืจืง 23 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
00:57
and more states are moving away from it completely."
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™."
01:01
Cough
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ
01:02
"What a pity.
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"ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืœ,
01:03
In the 70s, we even moved it to the second Monday in October
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”70, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ
01:06
so people could get a nice three-day weekend,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืืจื•ืš ื•ื ื—ืžื“,
01:08
but I guess you folks just hate celebrations."
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ืฉืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช."
01:12
"Uh, what are we celebrating again?"
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ืื”, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘?"
01:14
"Come on, Your Honor, we all learned it in school.
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"ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
01:17
Christopher Columbus convinced the King of Spain to send him on a mission
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ืฉื™ื›ื ืข ืืช ืžืœืš ืกืคืจื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฉื™ืžื”
01:20
to find a better trade route to India,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื ืชื™ื‘ ืกื—ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•,
01:23
not by going East over land but sailing West around the globe.
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ืœื ื‘ืžืกืข ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ืืœื ื”ืคืœื’ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ.
01:27
Everyone said it was crazy because they still thought the world was flat,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื˜ื•ื—,
01:31
but he knew better.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:32
And when in 1492 he sailed the ocean blue,
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ื•ื›ืฉื‘ 1492 ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
01:36
he found something better than India:
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ื“ื•:
01:38
a whole new continent."
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ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”."
01:40
"What rubbish.
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"ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:42
First of all, educated people knew the world was round since Aristotle.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื’ื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•.
01:46
Secondly, Columbus didn't discover anything.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ืœื•ื.
01:49
There were already people living here for millennia.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืฉื ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:52
And he wasn't even the first European to visit.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืจ.
01:55
The Norse had settled Newfoundland almost 500 years before."
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ื”ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ื ื™ื• ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ 500 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ."
01:59
"You don't say, so how come we're not all wearing those cow helmets?"
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"ืžื” ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?"
02:02
"Actually, they didn't really wear those either."
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"ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืงืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”."
02:05
Cough
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ
02:06
"Who cares what some Vikings did way back when?
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"ืœืžื™ ืื›ืคืช ืžื” ื›ืžื” ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื•?"
02:09
Those settlements didn't last, but Columbus's did.
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ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืขืžื“, ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื›ืŸ.
02:13
And the news he brought back to Europe spread far and wide,
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื”ืจื—ืง,
02:16
inspiring all the explorers and settlers who came after.
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ื•ื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื.
02:20
Without him, none of us would be here today."
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ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื."
02:23
"And because of him, millions of Native Americans aren't here today.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœื•, ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:29
Do you know what Columbus did in the colonies he founded?
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืกื“?
02:31
He took the very first natives he met prisoner
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืกื™ืจื™ื
02:34
and wrote in his journal about how easily he could conquer and enslave all of them."
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืฉ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื."
02:40
"Oh, come on. Everyone was fighting each other back then.
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"ืื•ื”, ื‘ืืžืช. ื›ื•ืœื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:44
Didn't the natives even tell Columbus
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก
02:46
about other tribes raiding and taking captives?"
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ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืคืฉื˜ื• ื•ืœืงื—ื• ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื?"
02:50
"Yes, but tribal warfare was sporadic and limited.
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"ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
02:52
It certainly didn't wipe out 90% of the population."
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• 90% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”."
02:56
"Hmm. Why is celebrating this Columbus so important to you, anyway?"
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"ื”ืžืž, ืœืžื” ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ืงืŸืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ?"
02:59
"Your Honor, Columbus's voyage was an inspiration
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"ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื”
03:03
to struggling people all across Europe, symbolizing freedom and new beginnings.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืกื™ืžืœ ื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
03:08
And his discovery gave our grandparents and great-grandparents
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื• ื ืชืŸ ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•
03:11
the chance to come here and build better lives for their children.
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ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืคื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
03:15
Don't we deserve a hero to remind everyone that our country
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ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
03:19
was build on the struggles of immigrants?"
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ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื?"
03:22
"And what about the struggles of Native Americans
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"ื•ืžื” ืขื ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
03:24
who were nearly wiped out and forced into reservations
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืžื—ื• ื•ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช
03:28
and whose descendants still suffer from poverty and discrimination?
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ื•ืฉื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืืคืœื™ื”?
03:32
How can you make a hero out of a man who caused so much suffering?"
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื™ืฉ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื‘ืœ?"
03:36
"That's history. You can't judge a guy in the 15th century by modern standards.
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"ื–ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื“ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-15 ืœืคื™ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:41
People back then even thought spreading
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœื”ืคื™ืฅ
03:43
Christianity and civilization across the world was a moral duty."
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ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช."
03:47
"Actually, he was pretty bad, even by old standards.
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"ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื–.
03:50
While governing Hispaniola, he tortured and mutilated
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืกืคื ื™ื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžื•ื
03:53
natives who didn't bring him enough gold
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ื”ื‘
03:56
and sold girls as young as nine into sexual slavery,
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ื•ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืข ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช,
03:59
and he was brutal even to the other colonists he ruled,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฉืœื˜,
04:02
to the point that he was removed from power and thrown in jail.
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ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื–ืจืง ืœื›ืœื.
04:07
When the missionary, Bartolomรฉ de las Casas,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืกื™ื•ื ืจ ื‘ืจืชื•ืœื•ืžื™ื™ ื“ื” ืœืืก ืงืืกืืก,
04:09
visited the island, he wrote,
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ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™, ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘,
04:11
'From 1494 to 1508, over 3,000,000 people had perished
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'ืž 1494 ืœ 1508, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 3,000,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•
04:16
from war, slavery and the mines. Who in future generations will believe this?'"
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ืžืžืœื—ืžื”, ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช. ืžื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื–ื”?"
04:23
"Well, I'm not sure I believe those numbers."
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”."
04:26
"Say, aren't there other ways the holiday is celebrated?"
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"ืชื’ื™ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื—ื’ ื ื—ื’ื’?"
04:29
"In some Latin American countries,
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"ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
04:31
they celebrate the same date under different names, such as Dรญa de la Raza.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืชืืจื™ืš ืชื—ืช ืฉื ืื—ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื” ื“ื” ืœื” ืจืื–ื”.
04:35
In these places, it's more a celebration of the native and mixed cultures
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช
04:39
that survived through the colonial period.
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ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช.
04:41
Some places in the U.S. have also renamed the holiday,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื”ื—ื’,
04:44
as Native American Day or Indigenous People's Day
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
04:47
and changed the celebrations accordingly."
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื."
04:50
"So, why not just change the name if it's such a problem?"
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"ืื–, ืœืžื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ืื ื–ื• ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”?"
04:53
"Because it's tradition.
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"ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช.
04:55
Ordinary people need their heroes and their founding myths.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:59
Can't we just keep celebrating the way we've been doing for a century,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื”,
05:02
without having to delve into all this serious research?
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”?
05:05
It's not like anyone is actually celebrating genocide."
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื•ื’ื’ ืจืฆื— ืขื."
05:08
"Traditions change, and the way we choose to keep them alive
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"ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
05:12
says a lot about our values."
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ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•."
05:14
"Well, it looks like giving tired judges a day off isn't one of those values, anyway."
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœืชืช ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ."
05:21
Traditions and holidays are important to all cultures,
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ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื’ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช,
05:24
but a hero in one era may become a villain in the next
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•
05:28
as our historical knowledge expands and our values evolve.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื.
05:32
And deciding what these traditions should mean today
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ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื
05:35
is a major part of putting history on trial.
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ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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