What did people do before anesthesia? - Sally Frampton

1,869,797 views ใƒป 2023-06-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
With medical students restraining the patient and onlookers eagerly awaiting,
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ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืžืจืชืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžื—ื›ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื™ื˜ื•ืช,
00:11
Scottish surgeon Robert Liston poised himself to begin.
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ื”ืžื ืชื— ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
00:15
In quick succession, he cut his patientโ€™s flesh,
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ืชืš ืืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื•,
00:17
sawed through their tibia and fibula and, within just a few minutes,
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ื—ืชืš ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ืงื™ืช, ื•ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช,
00:21
the amputation was complete.
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ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”.
00:23
It was the 1830s and Liston was renowned for his surgical speed.
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19 ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœื•.
00:28
This was important because, before anesthesia was widely used,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืจื“ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘,
00:32
patients had to consciously endure every moment of surgery.
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืฉื”ื ืขืจื™ื.
00:37
The quest for anesthetics that could induce unconsciousness
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ื”ืžืกืข ืœื”ืจื“ืžื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ืจื”
00:40
and enable more meticulous surgeries launched long before Liston.
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ื•ืชืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
00:44
Around 200 CE, Chinese physician Hua Tuo described mixing alcohol
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 200 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ืื” ื˜ื•ืื• ืชืืจ ืขืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ
00:50
with a powder of various ingredients to anesthetize patients.
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ืขื ืื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
00:54
And 13th century Arab surgeon Ibn al-Quff described patients taking anesthetics,
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ื•ื”ืžื ืชื— ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 13 ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœ ืงื•ืฃ ืชืืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืจื“ืžื”,
00:59
likely inhaling drugs like cannabis, opium, and mandrake,
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคื• ืกืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื ื‘ื™ืก, ืื•ืคื™ื•ื ื•ืžื ื“ืจื™ื™ืง,
01:02
from saturated sponges.
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ืžืกืคื•ื’ื™ื ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื.
01:04
By the end of the 1700s, many scientists were pondering
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” 18, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืชื”ื•
01:08
chemistryโ€™s medical applications.
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ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ื”.
01:10
This led to a profusion of anesthetic advancements involving three main players:
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื:
01:15
nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform.
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ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ, ืืชืจ ื•ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื•ืจื.
01:19
In 1799, English chemist Humphry Davy began experimenting with nitrous oxide,
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ื‘ 1799, ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ,
01:25
or laughing gasโ€” inhaling it himself and observing its effects on friends.
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ืื• ื’ื– ืฆื—ื•ืง -- ื•ืฉืืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:30
Davy noted that its pain-relieving abilities might make it useful
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ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื™ืขื™ืœ
01:33
for surgical operationsโ€”
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ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื --
01:35
but it would be decades before that happened.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
01:38
This was, at least in part, because some surgeons and patients
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ื
01:41
were skeptical of the effectiveness and safety of anesthetic drugs.
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ื”ื™ื• ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื“ืžื”.
01:46
In 1804, Japanese surgeon Seishลซ Hanaoka successfully removed a breast tumor
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ื‘ 1804, ื”ืžื ืชื— ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืกื™ื™ืฉื• ื”ื ืื•ืงื” ื”ืกื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ื”
01:52
from a patient anesthetized with a mix of medicinal herbs.
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ืžื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ืžื” ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื.
01:56
But the news stayed in Japan indefinitely.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช.
01:59
Eventually, ether started garnering medical attention.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืชืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
02:04
It was first formulated centuries before then came to be used recreationally.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืœื•ื™.
02:08
During the so-called โ€œether frolicsโ€ of the early 1800s,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจืื• โ€œืžื”ืœืœื™ ื”ืืชืจโ€ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 19,
02:12
an American physician noted that the fall he suffered
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ืจื•ืคื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืกื‘ืœ
02:15
while using ether was painless.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื›ืื‘.
02:18
In 1842, he etherized a patient and successfully removed
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ื‘ 1842, ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืกื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
02:22
a tumor from his neck.
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืืจื•.
02:24
In the meantime, dentists finally began recognizing nitrous oxideโ€™s promise.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืจื•ืคืื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ.
02:31
But, in 1845, when an American dentist attempted a public tooth extraction
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 1845, ื›ืฉืจื•ืคื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืฉืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™
02:35
on someone anesthetized with nitrous oxide,
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ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ื ื‘ื’ื– ืฆื—ื•ืง,
02:38
he apparently encountered a setback when his patient screamed.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฆืขืง.
02:42
It was probably just an insufficient doseโ€”
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง --
02:45
but it was a bad publicity moment for the drug.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ืจืข ืœืกื.
02:48
Meanwhile, dentists refined ether for tooth extractions.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืจื•ืคืื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ ืœืขืงื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:53
And, in October 1846, an American dentist administered ether to a patient,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1846, ืจื•ืคื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ืชืŸ ืืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื”,
02:58
and a surgeon removed the manโ€™s neck tumor.
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ื•ืžื ืชื— ื”ืกื™ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืืจื•.
03:00
Two months later, Liston himself performed an upper leg amputation
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืจื’ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
03:05
on an etherized patient,
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ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืžื•ืจื“ื ื‘ืืชืจ,
03:07
who reportedly regained consciousness minutes after
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ืฉื“ื•ื•ื— ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
03:10
and asked when the procedure would begin.
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ื•ืฉืืœ ืžืชื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ.
03:12
Further ether-enabled successes followed from India, Russia, and beyond.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืชืจ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืงื‘ื• ืžื”ื•ื“ื•, ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ.
03:18
But ether had issues, including unpleasant side effects.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช.
03:23
Scottish obstetrician James Simpson heard about an alternative anesthetic
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ื’โ€™ื™ื™ืžืก ืกื™ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
03:27
called chloroform.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื•ืจื.
03:29
And, in 1847, he and two colleagues decided to try some themselves
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ื•ื‘ 1847, ื”ื•ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื
03:34
and promptly passed out.
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ื•ื”ืชืขืœืคื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:35
Soon after, Simpson administered chloroform
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืกื™ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื•ืจื
03:38
to one of his patients during childbirth.
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ืœืื—ืช ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ื“ื”.
03:40
It quickly gained popularity because it was fast-acting
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
03:43
and thought to be side-effect-freeโ€”
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ --
03:46
though we now know itโ€™s harmful and probably carcinogenic.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื™ืง ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:49
Because anesthetics werenโ€™t yet fully understood,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™,
03:52
they sometimes had lethal consequences.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช.
03:55
And some doctors held sexist and racist beliefs that dictated
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืกืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื•
03:59
the amount of anesthesia theyโ€™d provide, if any at all.
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ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืฉืกื•ืคืงื”, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
04:03
American obstetrician Charles Meigs argued that the pain of childbirth
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฆโ€™ืืจืœืก ืžื™ื’ืก ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”
04:07
was a form of divine suffering
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™
04:09
and was skeptical that doctors should interfere with it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืกืงืคื˜ื™ ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื•.
04:13
Throughout the 1840s, American physician James Marion Sims
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19, ื”ืจื•ืคื ื’โ€™ื™ื™ืžืก ืžืจื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžืก
04:17
conducted experimental gynecological surgeries without pain relief,
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ืขืจืš ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื“ืžื”,
04:22
primarily upon enslaved Black women.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
04:25
By the late 19th century, those who could access anesthetics
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19, ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืจื“ืžื”
04:29
were undergoing increasingly complex operations,
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ืขื‘ืจื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:32
including some that were previously impossible.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
04:35
Chloroform came to be understood as a riskier, more toxic option,
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ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื•ืจื ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื•ืจืขื™ืœื”,
04:39
and fell out of favor by the early 1900s.
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ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20.
04:42
Alongside newer drugs, ether and nitrous oxide are still used todayโ€”
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืชืจ ื•ื’ื– ืฆื—ื•ืง ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื --
04:47
but in modified formulations that are safer and produce fewer side effects,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™,
04:51
while doctors closely monitor the patientโ€™s state.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
04:54
Thanks to these advances,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
04:55
speed is not always of the essence and, instead of acute agony,
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ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื“ืจืฉืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืื‘ ืืงื•ื˜ื™,
05:00
surgery can feel like just a dream.
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ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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