What did people do before anesthesia? - Sally Frampton

1,332,904 views ・ 2023-06-08

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: riddler edward κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:07
With medical students restraining the patient and onlookers eagerly awaiting,
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μ˜λŒ€μƒλ“€μ€ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λΆ™μž‘κ³  있고 ꡬ경꾼듀은 손에 땀을 μ₯λŠ” κ°€μš΄λ°,
00:11
Scottish surgeon Robert Liston poised himself to begin.
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μŠ€μ½”ν‹€λžœλ“œ μ™Έκ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬ λ‘œλ²„νŠΈ λ¦¬μŠ€ν„΄μ΄ μ‹œμž‘ν•  μ€€λΉ„λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
In quick succession, he cut his patient’s flesh,
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μ•„μ£Ό λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ ν™˜μžμ˜ 살을 λ² κ³  μ •κ°•μ΄λΌˆμ™€ μ’…μ•„λ¦¬λΌˆλ₯Ό ν†±μ§ˆν•˜μ—¬
00:17
sawed through their tibia and fibula and, within just a few minutes,
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λͺ‡ λΆ„ λ§Œμ— μ ˆλ‹¨ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ μ™„λ£Œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
the amputation was complete.
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00:23
It was the 1830s and Liston was renowned for his surgical speed.
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1830λ…„λŒ€μ— λ¦¬μŠ€ν„΄μ€ λΉ λ₯Έ 수술 μ†λ„λ‘œ 유λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
This was important because, before anesthesia was widely used,
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수술 μ†λ„λŠ” μ€‘μš”ν–ˆλŠ”λ° λ§ˆμ·¨μ œκ°€ 널리 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κΈ° μ „μ—λŠ”
00:32
patients had to consciously endure every moment of surgery.
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ€ 수술이 μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ λ§¨μ •μ‹ μœΌλ‘œ 버텨야 ν–ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
00:37
The quest for anesthetics that could induce unconsciousness
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λ¬΄μ˜μ‹μ„ μœ λ„ν•΄μ„œ μ’€ 더 κΌΌκΌΌν•œ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ”
00:40
and enable more meticulous surgeries launched long before Liston.
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λ§ˆμ·¨μ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ¦¬μŠ€ν„΄ 훨씬 μ „λΆ€ν„° μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
Around 200 CE, Chinese physician Hua Tuo described mixing alcohol
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μ„œκΈ° 200년쯀에 쀑ꡭ μ˜μ‚¬ ν™”νƒ€λŠ”
μ•Œμ½”μ˜¬μ— λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μž¬λ£Œλ“€μ„ μ„žμ–΄ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λ§ˆμ·¨ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ „ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
with a powder of various ingredients to anesthetize patients.
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00:54
And 13th century Arab surgeon Ibn al-Quff described patients taking anesthetics,
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13μ„ΈκΈ°μ—λŠ” μ•„λž μ™Έκ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬ 이븐 μ•Œ 컀프가
μΉ΄λ‚˜λΉ„μŠ€, μ–‘κ·€λΉ„, λ§¨λ“œλ ˆμ΄ν¬λ₯Ό 적신 μŠ€νŽ€μ§€λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄
00:59
likely inhaling drugs like cannabis, opium, and mandrake,
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약물을 ν‘μž…ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄μ„œ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λ§ˆμ·¨ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
from saturated sponges.
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01:04
By the end of the 1700s, many scientists were pondering
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17μ„ΈκΈ° ν›„λ°˜μ—λŠ” λ§Žμ€ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
화학을 μ˜ν•™μ— μ‘μš©ν•  방법을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
chemistry’s medical applications.
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01:10
This led to a profusion of anesthetic advancements involving three main players:
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이둜 인해 μ£Όμš” μ„Έ 물질 같은 마취제 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ λ°œμ „μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform.
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μ•„μ‚°ν™” μ§ˆμ†Œ, μ—ν…Œλ₯΄, ν΄λ‘œλ‘œν¬λ¦„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
In 1799, English chemist Humphry Davy began experimenting with nitrous oxide,
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1799λ…„ 영ꡭ ν™”ν•™μž ν—˜ν”„λ¦¬ λ°μ΄λΉ„λŠ”
μ•„μ‚°ν™” μ§ˆμ†Œ, 즉, μ›ƒμŒ κ°€μŠ€λ₯Ό μ‹€ν—˜ν–ˆκ³ ,
01:25
or laughing gasβ€” inhaling it himself and observing its effects on friends.
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μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œλ„ κ°€μŠ€λ₯Ό λ“€μ΄λ§ˆμ‹œκ³  κ°€μŠ€λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ‹  μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
Davy noted that its pain-relieving abilities might make it useful
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λ°μ΄λΉ„λŠ” 이 물질의 고톡 μ™„ν™” νš¨κ³Όκ°€
수슬 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μœ μš©ν•  것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:33
for surgical operationsβ€”
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01:35
but it would be decades before that happened.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€λŠ” μˆ˜μ‹­ 년이 κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
This was, at least in part, because some surgeons and patients
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이건, 적어도 μΌλΆ€λŠ”, 일뢀 μ™Έκ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬μ™€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄
01:41
were skeptical of the effectiveness and safety of anesthetic drugs.
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λ§ˆμ·¨μ•½μ˜ νš¨κ³Όμ™€ μ•ˆμ „μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄ νšŒμ˜μ μ΄μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
In 1804, Japanese surgeon SeishΕ« Hanaoka successfully removed a breast tumor
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1804λ…„, 일본 μ™Έκ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜€μΉ΄ μ„Έμ΄μŠˆλŠ”
μ•½μš© 식물을 ν˜Όν•©ν•΄ ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λ§ˆμ·¨ν•˜κ³  μœ λ°©μ•” 제거 μˆ˜μˆ μ— μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
from a patient anesthetized with a mix of medicinal herbs.
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01:56
But the news stayed in Japan indefinitely.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 μ†Œμ‹μ€ 일본 λ°–μœΌλ‘œ νΌμ Έλ‚˜κ°€μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
Eventually, ether started garnering medical attention.
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄, μ—ν…Œλ₯΄κ°€ μ˜ν•™μ  관심을 μ–»κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
It was first formulated centuries before then came to be used recreationally.
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이 화합물은 λͺ‡ μ„ΈκΈ° 전에 처음 μ œμ‘°λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
였락 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
During the so-called β€œether frolics” of the early 1800s,
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β€˜μ—ν…Œλ₯΄ 놀이’라고 뢈리던 1800λ…„λŒ€ μ΄ˆκΈ°μ—,
02:12
an American physician noted that the fall he suffered
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ν•œ λ―Έκ΅­ μ˜μ‚¬λŠ” μ—ν…Œλ₯΄ μ‚¬μš© 쀑에 λ„˜μ–΄μ§„ 적이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
02:15
while using ether was painless.
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고톡을 λŠλΌμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€κ³  κΈ°λ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
In 1842, he etherized a patient and successfully removed
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1842λ…„, κ·ΈλŠ” ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ μ—ν…Œλ₯΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³ 
λͺ©μ—μ„œ 쒅양을 μ œκ±°ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
a tumor from his neck.
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02:24
In the meantime, dentists finally began recognizing nitrous oxide’s promise.
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ν•œνŽΈ, 치과 μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ μ•„μ‚°ν™” μ§ˆμ†Œμ˜ λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ•Œμ•„μ±„κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
But, in 1845, when an American dentist attempted a public tooth extraction
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 1845λ…„, λ―Έκ΅­ 치과 μ˜μ‚¬κ°€
μ•„μ‚°ν™” μ§ˆμ†Œλ‘œ λ§ˆμ·¨ν•œ ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ 곡개 발치λ₯Ό μ‹œλ„ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
02:35
on someone anesthetized with nitrous oxide,
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02:38
he apparently encountered a setback when his patient screamed.
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ν™˜μžκ°€ λΉ„λͺ…을 지λ₯΄λŠ” λ°”λžŒμ— κ·ΈλŠ” μ’Œμ ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
It was probably just an insufficient doseβ€”
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 마취제 μš©λŸ‰μ΄ λΆ€μ‘±ν•΄μ„œμ˜€κ² μ§€λ§Œ
02:45
but it was a bad publicity moment for the drug.
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κ·Έ 약에 λŒ€ν•œ μ•ˆ 쒋은 ν‰νŒμ„ 남긴 μ‚¬κ±΄μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
Meanwhile, dentists refined ether for tooth extractions.
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ν•œνŽΈ, 치과 μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ μ—ν…Œλ₯΄λ₯Ό 발치용 마취제둜 κ°œλŸ‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
And, in October 1846, an American dentist administered ether to a patient,
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1846λ…„ 10μ›”, 치과 μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ μ—ν…Œλ₯΄λ₯Ό ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ μ£Όμ‚¬ν•˜κ³ 
02:58
and a surgeon removed the man’s neck tumor.
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μ™Έκ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ λͺ© 쒅양을 μ œκ±°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
Two months later, Liston himself performed an upper leg amputation
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두 달 ν›„, λ¦¬μŠ€ν„΄μ΄ μ—ν…Œλ₯΄λ₯Ό ν‘μž…ν•œ ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ
닀리 상뢀 μ ˆλ‹¨μ„ μ‹œλ„ν–ˆκ³ ,
03:05
on an etherized patient,
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03:07
who reportedly regained consciousness minutes after
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기둝에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ ν™˜μžλŠ” λͺ‡ λΆ„ λ’€ μ˜μ‹μ„ 되찾고 λ‚˜μ„œ
03:10
and asked when the procedure would begin.
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μˆ˜μˆ μ€ μ–Έμ œ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ¬Όμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Further ether-enabled successes followed from India, Russia, and beyond.
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이후에 인도, λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„ λ“±λ“±μ—μ„œ μ—ν…Œλ₯΄λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ μˆ˜μˆ μ— μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
But ether had issues, including unpleasant side effects.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λΆˆμΎŒν•œ λΆ€μž‘μš© 같은 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
Scottish obstetrician James Simpson heard about an alternative anesthetic
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μŠ€μ½”ν‹€λžœλ“œμ˜ 산뢀인과 μ˜μ‚¬μΈ μ œμž„μŠ€ μ‹¬μŠ¨μ€
λŒ€μ²΄ 마취제인 ν΄λ‘œλ‘œν¬λ¦„μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
called chloroform.
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03:29
And, in 1847, he and two colleagues decided to try some themselves
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1847λ…„, 그와 λ™λ£Œ 두 λͺ…은
μžμ‹ λ“€μ—κ²Œ ν΄λ‘œλ‘œν¬λ¦„μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆκ³  λ°”λ‘œ κΈ°μ ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
and promptly passed out.
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03:35
Soon after, Simpson administered chloroform
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κ·Έ ν›„ 곧 μ‹¬μŠ¨μ€ ν΄λ‘œλ‘œν¬λ¦„μ„
03:38
to one of his patients during childbirth.
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μΆœμ‚° 쀑인 ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
It quickly gained popularity because it was fast-acting
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νš¨κ³Όκ°€ λΉ λ₯΄κ³  λΆ€μž‘μš©μ΄ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 생각 덕뢄에
03:43
and thought to be side-effect-freeβ€”
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λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 인기λ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:46
though we now know it’s harmful and probably carcinogenic.
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ΄ 있으며 λ°œμ•” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
Because anesthetics weren’t yet fully understood,
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λ§ˆμ·¨μ œλŠ” λ‹Ήμ‹œμ— μ™„μ „νžˆ μ΄ν•΄λœ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌμ„œ
03:52
they sometimes had lethal consequences.
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” 치λͺ…적인 κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λ°œμƒν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
And some doctors held sexist and racist beliefs that dictated
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일뢀 μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ 성차별과 인쒅 차별적인 신념에 μ˜ν•΄
μ²˜λ°©ν•˜λŠ” 마취제의 양을 κ²°μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
the amount of anesthesia they’d provide, if any at all.
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μ²˜λ°©μ„ ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 말이죠.
04:03
American obstetrician Charles Meigs argued that the pain of childbirth
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미ꡭ의 산뢀인과 μ˜μ‚¬ 찰슀 λ©”μ΄κ·ΈμŠ€λŠ”
μΆœμ‚°μ˜ 고톡은 신이 μ€€ 것이라고 μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆκ³ 
04:07
was a form of divine suffering
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04:09
and was skeptical that doctors should interfere with it.
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ 이에 κ°„μ„­ν•˜λŠ” 것에 νšŒμ˜μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
Throughout the 1840s, American physician James Marion Sims
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1840λ…„λŒ€μ—, λ―Έκ΅­ μ˜μ‚¬μΈ 마리온 μ‹¬μŠ€λŠ”
04:17
conducted experimental gynecological surgeries without pain relief,
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톡증 μ–΅μ œλ₯Ό ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μ‹€ν—˜μ μΈ 뢀인과 μˆ˜μˆ λ“€μ„ μ§„ν–‰ν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
04:22
primarily upon enslaved Black women.
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주둜 흑인 μ—¬μ„± λ…Έμ˜ˆλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚Όμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
By the late 19th century, those who could access anesthetics
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19μ„ΈκΈ° ν›„λ°˜μ—λŠ” 마취제λ₯Ό 손에 넣은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
04:29
were undergoing increasingly complex operations,
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맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μˆ˜μˆ λ“€λ„ μ‹œν–‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
including some that were previously impossible.
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μ΄μ „μ—λŠ” λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆλ˜ μˆ˜μˆ λ“€λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
04:35
Chloroform came to be understood as a riskier, more toxic option,
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ν΄λ‘œλ‘œν¬λ¦„μ€ 더 μœ„ν—˜ν•˜κ³ , 독성이 더 큰 물질둜 μ—¬κ²¨μ Έμ„œ
04:39
and fell out of favor by the early 1900s.
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1900λ…„λŒ€ μ΄ˆμ—λŠ” μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
Alongside newer drugs, ether and nitrous oxide are still used todayβ€”
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ§ˆμ·¨μ œμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μ—ν…Œλ₯΄μ™€ μ•„μ‚°ν™” μ§ˆμ†ŒλŠ” μ§€κΈˆλ„ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λ‚˜
04:47
but in modified formulations that are safer and produce fewer side effects,
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κ°œμ„ λœ 화합물이 μ’€ 더 μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ³  λΆ€μž‘μš©λ„ 적으며,
04:51
while doctors closely monitor the patient’s state.
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ ν™˜μžμ˜ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό 더 μ„Έμ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ ν™•μΈν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
Thanks to these advances,
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이런 λ°œμ „ 덕뢄에,
04:55
speed is not always of the essence and, instead of acute agony,
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μˆ˜μˆ μ—μ„œ 속도가 항상 ν•„μˆ˜λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°
μˆ˜μˆ μ€ μ‹¬ν•œ 톡증 λŒ€μ‹  잠깐 μž λ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
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surgery can feel like just a dream.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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