History vs. Genghis Khan - Alex Gendler

6,750,729 views ใƒป 2015-07-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
He was one of the most fearsome warlords who ever lived,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื—ื™ื•,
00:10
waging an unstoppable conquest across the Eurasian continent.
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ืฉืคืชื— ื‘ืžืกืข ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื™ืจื• ืืกื™ื”.
00:16
But was Genghis Khan a vicious barbarian
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื’ื™ื ื’ื™ืก ืงืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ ืžืจื•ืฉืข
00:19
or a unifier who paved the way for the modern world?
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ืื• ืžืื—ื“ ืฉืกืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™?
00:23
We'll see in "History vs. Genghis Khan."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืื” ื‘"ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื’ื™ื ื’ื™ืก ืงืืŸ."
00:28
"Order, order. Now who's the defendant today?
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"ืกื“ืจ, ืกื“ืจ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื™ ื”ื ืืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื?
00:31
Khan!"
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ืงืืŸ!"
00:35
"I see Your Honor is familiar with Genghis Khan,
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"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื’ื™ื ื’ื™ืก ืงืืŸ,
00:38
the 13th century warlord whose military campaigns killed millions
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 13 ืฉื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ืจื’ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
00:43
and left nothing but destruction in their wake."
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืจืง ื”ืจืก ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•."
00:48
"Objection. First of all, it's pronounced Genghis Kahn."
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"ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฆ'ื™ื ื’ื™ืก ื—ืืŸ."
00:52
"Really?"
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"ื‘ืืžืช?"
00:54
"In Mongolia, yes.
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"ื‘ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื”, ื›ืŸ.
00:56
Regardless, he was one of the greatest leaders in human history.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:00
Born Temรผjin, he was left fatherless and destitute as a child
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ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ื˜ืžื•ื’'ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื—ืกืจ ืื‘ ื•ื—ืกืจ ื›ืœ ื›ื™ืœื“
01:05
but went on to overcome constant strife to unite warring Mongol clans
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื
01:10
and forge the greatest empire the world had seen,
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ื•ื—ื™ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืจืื”,
01:14
eventually stretching from the Pacific to Europe's heartland."
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ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™ ืœืœื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”."
01:18
"And what was so great about invasion and slaughter?
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"ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื—?
01:21
Northern China lost 2/3 of its population."
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ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื“ื” 2/3 ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื”."
01:25
"The Jin Dynasty had long harassed the northern tribes,
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"ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื’'ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื,
01:29
paying them off to fight each other and periodically attacking them.
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ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืชื™.
01:33
Genghis Khan wasn't about to suffer the same fate
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ืฆ'ื™ื ื’ื™ืก ื—ืืŸ ืœื ืขืžื“ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ืจืœ
01:36
as the last Khan who tried to unite the Mongols,
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ื›ื—ืืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื,
01:40
and the demographic change may reflect poor census keeping,
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉืงืฃ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฆืกื–ื•ืก ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
01:44
not to mention that many peasants were brought into the Khan's army."
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ื•ืœื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืฆื‘ื ื—ืืŸ."
01:49
"You can pick apart numbers all you want,
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"ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ืคืœ ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”,
01:52
but they wiped out entire cities, along with their inhabitants."
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื—ืงื• ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ."
01:57
"The Khan preferred enemies to surrender and pay tribute,
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"ื”ื—ืืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ืขื• ื•ื™ืชื ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
02:01
but he firmly believed in loyalty and diplomatic law.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืง ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™.
02:05
The cities that were massacred were ones that rebelled after surrendering,
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ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื”ืชืžืจื“ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืขื•,
02:10
or killed as ambassadors.
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ืื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื.
02:12
His was a strict understanding of justice."
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง."
02:16
"Multiple accounts show his army's brutality going beyond justice:
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"ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ืง:
02:21
ripping unborn children from mothers' wombs,
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ืงืจื™ืขืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืจื—ื ืื™ืžื,
02:24
using prisoners as human shields,
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
02:26
or moat fillers to support siege engines,
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ืื• ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ืคื™ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืžืฆื•ืจ,
02:29
taking all women from conquered towns--"
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ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• --"
02:32
"Enough! How barbaric!"
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"ืžืกืคื™ืง! ื›ืžื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™!"
02:34
"Is that really so much worse than other medieval armies?"
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื?"
02:38
"That doesn't excuse Genghis Khan's atrocities."
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"ื–ื” ืœื ืชืจื•ืฅ ืœื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื ื’ื™ืก ื—ืืŸ"
02:41
"But it does make Genghis Khan unexceptional for his time
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"ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืฆ'ื™ื ื’ื™ืก ื—ืืŸ ืœื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
02:45
rather than some bloodthirsty savage.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืจื ืฆืžื ื“ื.
02:48
In fact, after his unification of the tribes abolished bride kidnapping,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืกืจ ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื›ืœื•ืช,
02:52
women in the Mongol ranks had it better than most.
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ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืœืจื•ื‘ืŸ.
02:55
They controlled domestic affairs,
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ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื,
02:57
could divorce their husbands,
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
02:58
and were trusted advisors.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช.
03:00
Temรผjin remained with his first bride all his life,
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ื˜ืžื•ื’'ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•,
03:03
even raising her possibly illegitimate son as his own."
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื™ื“ืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ืฉืœื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื•."
03:08
"Regardless, Genghis Khan's legacy was a disaster:
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"ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื ื’ืก ืงืืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืืกื•ืŸ:
03:11
up to 40 million killed across Eurasia during his descendents' conquests.
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ืขื“ 40 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืจื•ืืกื™ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฆืืฆื™ื•.
03:17
10% of the world population.
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10% ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:20
That's not even counting casualties from the Black Plague
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”
03:23
brought to Europe by the Golden Horde's Siege of Kaffa."
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘."
03:28
"Surely that wasn't intentional."
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"ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ."
03:30
"Actually, when they saw their own troops dying of the Plague,
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"ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื• ืžื”ืžื’ืคื”,
03:33
they catapulted infected bodies over the city walls."
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื’ืจื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ."
03:37
"Blech."
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"ืื™ื›ืก."
03:39
"The accounts you're referencing
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"ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืชื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก
03:40
were written over a hundred years after the fact.
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ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื”.
03:43
How reliable do you think they are?
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ื›ืžื” ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืŸ?
03:46
Plus, the survivors reaped the benefits of the empire Genghis Khan founded."
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ื•ื’ื, ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืงืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื” ืฉืฆ'ื™ื ื’ื™ืก ื—ืืŸ ื™ืกื“."
03:50
"Benefits?"
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"ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช?"
03:52
"The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance among all subjects,
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"ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ืœื ื™ืช ืœื“ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ืชื™ื ื”,
03:56
they treated their soldiers well, promoted based on merit, rather than birth,
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ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืงื™ื“ืžื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคื™ ืœื™ื“ื”,
04:00
established a vast postal system,
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ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ืช,
04:03
and inforced universal rule of law,
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ื•ืื›ืคื• ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
04:06
not to mention their contribution to culture."
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ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช."
04:08
"You mean like Hulagu Khan's annihilation of Baghdad,
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"ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื’ื• ื—ืืŸ,
04:12
the era's cultural capital?
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ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”?
04:14
Libraries, hospitals and palaces burned, irrigation canals buried?"
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ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืจืคื•, ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื ืงื‘ืจื•?"
04:18
"Baghdad was unfortunate,
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"ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืขืจ,
04:21
but its Kalif refused to surrender,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืกืจื‘ ืœื”ื›ื ืข,
04:24
and Hulagu was later punished by Berke Khan for the wanton destruction.
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ื•ื”ื•ืœื’ื• ื ืขื ืฉ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืงื” ื—ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื ื˜ื•ืŸ.
04:29
It wasn't Mongol policy to destroy culture.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:32
Usually they saved doctors, scholars and artisans from conquered places,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื•,
04:37
and transferred them throughout their realm,
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
04:39
spreading knowledge across the world."
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ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื."
04:41
"What about the devastation of Kievan Rus,
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"ืžื” ืขื ื”ื”ื—ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืก,
04:45
leaving its people in the Dark Ages
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื
04:47
even as the Renaissance spread across Western Europe?"
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ืจื ืกื ืก ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”?"
04:51
"Western Europe was hardly peaceful at the time.
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"ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
04:54
The stability of Mongol rule made the Silk Road flourish once more,
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื’ืจืžื” ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™ ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ืฉื•ื‘,
04:58
allowing trade and cultural exchange between East and West,
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ื•ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘,
05:02
and its legacy forged Russia and China from warring princedoms
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื™ืฉืœื” ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืกื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช
05:06
into unified states.
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ืœืžืžืœื›ื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช.
05:09
In fact, long after the Empire,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”,
05:11
Genghis Khan's descendants could be found
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื ื’ื™ืก ื—ืืŸ
05:13
among the ruling nobility all over Eurasia."
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื• ืืกื™ื”."
05:16
"Not surprising that a tyrant would inspire further tyrants."
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"ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืขืจื™ืฅ ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืขื•ื“ ืขืจื™ืฆื™ื."
05:20
"Careful what you call him. You may be related."
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"ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืงื•ืจื ืœื•. ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื."
05:23
"What?"
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"ืžื”?"
05:25
"16 million men today are descended from Genghis Khan.
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"16 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื ื’ื™ืก ื—ืืŸ.
05:29
That's one in ever 200."
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื“ ืžืžืืชื™ื™ื."
05:32
For every great conqueror, there are millions of conquered.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื.
05:36
Whose stories will survive?
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจื•ื“?
05:38
And can a leader's historical or cultural signifigance
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’
05:41
outweigh the deaths they caused along the way?
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ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื“ืจืš?
05:44
These are the questions that arise when we put history on trial.
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ืืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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