What is the tragedy of the commons? - Nicholas Amendolare

3,123,615 views ใƒป 2017-11-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Imagine as a thought experiment that you live in a small village
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ
00:11
and depend on the local fish pond for food.
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ื•ืืชื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ.
00:15
You share the pond with three other villagers.
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืคืจ ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:18
The pond starts off with a dozen fish, and the fish reproduce.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื“ื’ื™ื, ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื.
00:23
For every two fish, there will be one baby added each night.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ืฆื• ื“ื’ื™ื’ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”.
00:27
So, in order to maximize your supply of food,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:30
how many fish should you catch each day?
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื’ื™ื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื?
00:34
Take a moment to think about it.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืจื’ืข.
00:36
Assume baby fish grow to full size immediately
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ื’ ื’ื“ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
00:39
and that the pond begins at full capacity,
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ื•ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืคื•ืกื” ืžืœืื”,
00:42
and ignore factors like the sex of the fish you catch.
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ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ ืฉืืชื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื.
00:46
The answer? One, and it's not just you.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”? ืื—ื“, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืืชื.
00:50
The best way to maximize every villager's food supply
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ
00:53
is for each fisherman to take just one fish each day.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื™ืชืคื•ืก ืจืง ื“ื’ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื.
00:58
Here's how the math works.
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
01:00
If each villager takes one fish, there will be eight fish left over night.
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ืื ื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื›ืคืจ ืœื•ืงื— ื“ื’ ืื—ื“, ื™ืฉืืจื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
01:04
Each pair of fish produces one baby,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื’ื™ื’,
01:07
and the next day, the pond will be fully restocked with twelve fish.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื, ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื“ื’ื™ื.
01:12
If anyone takes more than one, the number of reproductive pairs drops,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื•ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื“, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœ,
01:17
and the population won't be able to bounce back.
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ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉืชืงื.
01:22
Eventually, the fish in the lake will be gone,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื’ื ื™ืขืœืžื•,
01:25
leaving all four villagers to starve.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืคืจ ืžื•ืจืขื‘ื™ื.
01:28
This fish pond is just one example of a classic problem
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ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช
01:31
called the tragedy of the commons.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ".
01:34
The phenomenon was first described in a pamphlet
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืชื•ืืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช
01:37
by economist William Forster Lloyd in 1833
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืคื•ืจืกื˜ืจ ืœื•ื™ื™ื“ ื‘-1833
01:42
in a discussion of the overgrazing of cattle
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืจ
01:44
on village common areas.
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ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื›ืคืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
01:47
More than 100 years later, ecologist Garrett Hardin revived the concept
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ ื’ืจื˜ ื”ืจื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’
01:52
to describe what happens when many individuals
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
01:55
all share a limited resource,
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ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžืฉืื‘ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ,
01:58
like grazing land,
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ื›ืžื• ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจืขื”,
01:59
fishing areas,
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื’,
02:00
living space,
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื”,
02:01
even clean air.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™.
02:03
Hardin argued that these situations pit short-term self-interest
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ื”ืจื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ืงืฆืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—
02:08
against the common good,
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ืžื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ,
02:10
and they end badly for everyone,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ืจืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื,
02:12
resulting in overgrazing,
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื™ืชืจ,
02:14
overfishing,
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ื“ื™ื’ ื™ืชืจ,
02:15
overpopulation,
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ืื™ื›ืœื•ืก ื™ืชืจ,
02:16
pollution,
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
02:17
and other social and environmental problems.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
02:20
The key feature of a tragedy of the commons
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ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ
02:23
is that it provides an opportunity for an individual to benefit him or herself
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื“ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืฆืžื•
02:28
while spreading out any negative effects across the larger population.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”.
02:33
To see what that means, let's revisit our fish pond.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ืงืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:37
Each individual fisherman is motivated
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ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื”
02:39
to take as many fish as he can for himself.
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ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื’ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
02:42
Meanwhile, any decline in fish reproduction
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื
02:45
is shared by the entire village.
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ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ.
02:48
Anxious to avoid losing out to his neighbors,
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ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื™ื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื›ื ื™ื•,
02:51
a fisherman will conclude that it's in his best interest to take an extra fish,
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ื•ื™ืกื™ืง ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
02:56
or two,
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ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
02:57
or three.
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ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
02:58
Unfortunately, this is the same conclusion reached by the other fisherman,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื’ื ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืกืงื ื”,
03:02
and that's the tragedy.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”.
03:04
Optimizing for the self in the short term isn't optimal for anyone in the long term.
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ืžื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
03:10
That's a simplified example, but the tragedy of the commons
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ
03:13
plays out in the more complex systems of real life, too.
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ืคื•ืขืœืช ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
03:17
The overuse of antibiotics has led to short-term gains in livestock production
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจ
03:22
and in treating common illnesses,
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช,
03:25
but it's also resulted in the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื–ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
03:30
which threaten the entire population.
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ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื”.
03:32
A coal-fired power plant produces cheap electricity for its customers
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ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื‘ืคื—ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื–ื•ืœ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช
03:36
and profits for its owners.
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ื•ืจื•ื•ื— ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื.
03:38
These local benefits are helpful in the short term,
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ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ,
03:41
but pollution from mining and burning coal is spread across the entire atmosphere
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืคื—ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
03:46
and sticks around for thousands of years.
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ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:49
There are other examples, too.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:52
Littering,
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ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช,
03:53
water shortages,
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ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื,
03:54
deforestation,
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ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
03:55
traffic jams,
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ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”,
03:56
even the purchase of bottled water.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื.
03:59
But human civilization has proven it's capable of doing something remarkable.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:05
We form social contracts,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
04:06
we make communal agreements,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื,
04:08
we elect governments,
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ืื—ื ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช,
04:10
and we pass laws.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
04:11
All this to save our collective selves from our own individual impulses.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:17
It isn't easy, and we certainly don't get it right nearly all of the time.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ, ื•ื‘ื“"ื› ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื.
04:22
But humans at our best have shown that we can solve these problems
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
04:26
and we can continue to do so if we remember Hardin's lesson.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืื ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื“ื™ืŸ.
04:31
When the tragedy of the commons applies,
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ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืคื•ืขืœืช,
04:33
what's good for all of us is good for each of us.
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ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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