What is the tragedy of the commons? - Nicholas Amendolare

3,187,904 views ・ 2017-11-21

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Eunsue Oh κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
Imagine as a thought experiment that you live in a small village
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μž‘μ€ λ§ˆμ„μ— μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
00:11
and depend on the local fish pond for food.
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μ‹λŸ‰μ„ ꡬ할 수 μžˆλŠ” 곳은 μž‘μ€ μ—°λͺ» ν•˜λ‚˜ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ§ˆμ„μ‚¬λžŒ μ„Έ λͺ…도 κ·Έ μ—°λͺ»μ—μ„œ μ‹λŸ‰μ„ κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
You share the pond with three other villagers.
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00:18
The pond starts off with a dozen fish, and the fish reproduce.
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μ—°λͺ»μ—λŠ” μ—΄λŒ“ 마리의 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°κ°€ 있고 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λŠ” μ•Œμ„ λ‚³μ£ .
00:23
For every two fish, there will be one baby added each night.
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° 두 λ§ˆλ¦¬λ‹Ή 맀일 λ°€ μΉ˜μ–΄ ν•œ 마리λ₯Ό λ‚³λŠ”λ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•˜μ£ .
00:27
So, in order to maximize your supply of food,
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ‹λŸ‰ 곡급원을 μ΅œλŒ€μΉ˜λ‘œ λŒμ–΄μ˜¬λ¦¬κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
00:30
how many fish should you catch each day?
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맀일 μž‘μ„ 수 μžˆλŠ” λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λŠ” λͺ‡ 마리 μΌκΉŒμš”?
00:34
Take a moment to think about it.
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잠깐 λ™μ•ˆ 생각을 ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:36
Assume baby fish grow to full size immediately
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μΉ˜μ–΄κ°€ λ‹¨μˆ¨μ— μ„±μ–΄κ°€ λœλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:39
and that the pond begins at full capacity,
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그리고 μ—°λͺ»μ€ 물고기둜 꽉 μ°ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
and ignore factors like the sex of the fish you catch.
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μž‘λŠ” 물고기의 성별은 생각할 ν•„μš” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
The answer? One, and it's not just you.
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정닡은? ν•œ 마리이고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
The best way to maximize every villager's food supply
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ‹λŸ‰μ„ μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ ν™•λ³΄ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 쒋은 방법은
00:53
is for each fisherman to take just one fish each day.
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ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒ λ‹Ή 맀일 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° ν•œ λ§ˆλ¦¬μ”©λ§Œ μž‘λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
Here's how the math works.
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μ™œ ν•œ λ§ˆλ¦¬μΈμ§€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
01:00
If each villager takes one fish, there will be eight fish left over night.
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ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒ λ‹Ή ν•œ 마리만 작게 되면 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°κ°€ μ—¬λŸ λ§ˆλ¦¬κ°€ λ‚¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
Each pair of fish produces one baby,
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° ν•œ 쌍이 μΉ˜μ–΄ ν•œ 마리λ₯Ό λ‚³κ³ 
λ‹€μŒ λ‚ , μ—°λͺ»μ€ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° 열두 λ§ˆλ¦¬κ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ μ±„μ›Œμ Έ μžˆλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
and the next day, the pond will be fully restocked with twelve fish.
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01:12
If anyone takes more than one, the number of reproductive pairs drops,
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ ν•œ 마리 이상을 작으면 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° ν•œ 쌍의 μˆ«μžκ°€ 쀄어듀고
01:17
and the population won't be able to bounce back.
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κ°œμ²΄μˆ˜λŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
Eventually, the fish in the lake will be gone,
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κ²°κ΅­μ—” μ—°λͺ»μ˜ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ 사라지고
01:25
leaving all four villagers to starve.
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λ„€ λͺ…μ˜ λ§ˆμ„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ΅»μ–΄ μ£½κ² μ£ .
01:28
This fish pond is just one example of a classic problem
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이 μ—°λͺ»μ€ 'κ³΅μœ μ§€μ˜ λΉ„κ·Ή'μ΄λΌλŠ”
01:31
called the tragedy of the commons.
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μ „ν˜•μ μΈ 문제의 ν•œ μ˜ˆμ— λΆˆκ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
The phenomenon was first described in a pamphlet
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이 ν˜„μƒμ€ 1833년에 κ²½μ œν•™μž μœŒλ¦¬μ—„ ν¬μŠ€ν„° λ‘œμ΄λ”κ°€
01:37
by economist William Forster Lloyd in 1833
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처음으둜 κΈ°μˆ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
in a discussion of the overgrazing of cattle
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λ§ˆμ„ κ³΅μœ μ§€μ— μ†Œλ–Όλ“€μ„ κ³Όλ°©λͺ©ν•˜λŠ” 문제λ₯Ό 두고
01:44
on village common areas.
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λ…Όμ˜ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
More than 100 years later, ecologist Garrett Hardin revived the concept
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100년이 훨씬 μ§€λ‚˜κ³  μƒνƒœν•™μž κ°€λ › ν•˜λ”˜μ΄ 이 κ°œλ…μ„ λ˜μ‚΄λ €
01:52
to describe what happens when many individuals
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μ—¬λŸ¬ κ°œκ°œμΈλ“€μ΄ μ œν•œλœ μžμ›μ„ κ³΅μœ ν•  λ•Œ
01:55
all share a limited resource,
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μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μƒκΈ°λŠ”μ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λͺ©μ΄ˆμ§€λ‚˜
01:58
like grazing land,
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01:59
fishing areas,
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μ‘°μ—… ꡬ역
02:00
living space,
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μ£Όκ±° 곡간
02:01
even clean air.
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κΉ¨λ—ν•œ κ³΅κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ κ³΅μœ ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ§ν•˜μ£ .
02:03
Hardin argued that these situations pit short-term self-interest
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ν•˜λ”˜μ΄ μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ” 이런 상황듀은 μ‚¬λ¦¬μ‚¬μš•κ³Ό
곡읡 κ°„μ˜ 싸움을 μΌμœΌν‚€κ³ 
02:08
against the common good,
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λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ μ•ˆ μ’‹κ²Œ λλ‚˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
and they end badly for everyone,
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02:12
resulting in overgrazing,
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κ³Όλ°©λͺ©
02:14
overfishing,
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λ‚¨νš
02:15
overpopulation,
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μΈκ΅¬κ³Όμž‰
02:16
pollution,
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ν™˜κ²½μ˜€μ—Ό
02:17
and other social and environmental problems.
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그리고 μ—¬νƒ€μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒ, ν™˜κ²½μ  문제λ₯Ό λ‚³κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
The key feature of a tragedy of the commons
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'κ³΅μœ μ§€μ˜ λΉ„κ·Ή'의 핡심은
02:23
is that it provides an opportunity for an individual to benefit him or herself
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더 큰 집단 μ „μ²΄μ—κ²Œ 뢀정적인 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ νΌμ§€λŠ” λ™μ‹œμ—
02:28
while spreading out any negative effects across the larger population.
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λͺ¨λ“  개인이 μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ 이읡이 λŒμ•„κ°ˆ 기회λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
To see what that means, let's revisit our fish pond.
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μ •ν™•ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό 돕기 μœ„ν•΄ μ—°λͺ» μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°‘μ‹œλ‹€.
02:37
Each individual fisherman is motivated
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각각의 κ°œμΈμ€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ
02:39
to take as many fish as he can for himself.
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λ§Žμ€ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό 작으렀고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
Meanwhile, any decline in fish reproduction
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반면, μƒμ‚°λŸ‰ κ°μ†ŒλŠ”
02:45
is shared by the entire village.
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λ§ˆμ„ 전체가 λΆ€λ‹΄ν•˜κ²Œ 되죠.
02:48
Anxious to avoid losing out to his neighbors,
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μ˜†μ§‘ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ 보닀 λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό 더 작고 μ‹Άμ–΄μ„œ
02:51
a fisherman will conclude that it's in his best interest to take an extra fish,
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λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•œ 마리 더 μž‘λŠ”κ²Œ μ΅œμ„ μ˜ 이읡이라고 결둠을 λ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
or two,
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ν˜Ήμ€ 두 마리 더
02:57
or three.
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μ„Έ 마리 더 μž‘λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
02:58
Unfortunately, this is the same conclusion reached by the other fisherman,
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μ•ˆνƒ€κΉμ§€λ§Œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„ 같은 생각을 ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
and that's the tragedy.
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그게 λ°”λ‘œ 비극이죠.
03:04
Optimizing for the self in the short term isn't optimal for anyone in the long term.
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λ‹Ήμž₯ μˆœκ°„μ— μžμ‹ μ„ μœ„ν•œ 행동이
μž₯κΈ°κ°„ λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ μ΅œμ„ μ±…μ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
That's a simplified example, but the tragedy of the commons
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μ˜ˆμ‹œμ΄μ§€λ§Œ κ³΅μœ μ§€μ˜ 비극은
ν˜„μ‹€μ˜ λ”μš± λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—λ„ λΆ€ν•©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
plays out in the more complex systems of real life, too.
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03:17
The overuse of antibiotics has led to short-term gains in livestock production
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ν•­μƒμ œλ‚¨μš©μ€ μΆ•μ‚°μ˜ λ‹¨κΈ°κ°„μ˜ 이읡을 κ°€μ Έμ™”κ³ 
03:22
and in treating common illnesses,
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ν”ν•œ μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κ²Œ λμ§€λ§Œ
03:25
but it's also resulted in the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
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λ™μ‹œμ— ν•­μƒμ œμ— 내생을 μ§€λ‹Œ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ΄κ°€ 생겼고
03:30
which threaten the entire population.
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μ΄λŠ” 인ꡬ 전체λ₯Ό μœ„ν˜‘ν•˜λŠ” μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
A coal-fired power plant produces cheap electricity for its customers
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ν™”λ ₯ λ°œμ „μ†ŒλŠ” μ†ŒλΉ„μžλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•΄ κ°’μ‹Ό μ „κΈ°λ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν•˜κ³ 
03:36
and profits for its owners.
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μ†Œμœ μžλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 이읡을 μ°½μΆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
These local benefits are helpful in the short term,
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이런 ν•œμ •λœ 이읡은 λ‹Ήμž₯에 도움이 λ˜μ§€λ§Œ
03:41
but pollution from mining and burning coal is spread across the entire atmosphere
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채꡴과 석탄을 λ•ŒμšΈ λ–„ λ°œμƒν•œ μ˜€μ—Όμ€ λŒ€κΈ° 전체에 퍼지고
03:46
and sticks around for thousands of years.
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μˆ˜μ²œλ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 사라지지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
There are other examples, too.
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이 뿐만 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
Littering,
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μ“°λ ˆκΈ°
03:53
water shortages,
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λ¬ΌλΆ€μ‘±
03:54
deforestation,
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μ‚°λ¦ΌνŒŒκ΄΄
03:55
traffic jams,
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ꡐ톡체증
03:56
even the purchase of bottled water.
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그리고 μƒμˆ˜λ₯Ό κ΅¬λ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
But human civilization has proven it's capable of doing something remarkable.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 인λ₯˜ λ¬Έλͺ…은 인간이 경이둜운 일을 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 증λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒκ³„μ•½μ„ λ§Ίμ—ˆκ³ 
04:05
We form social contracts,
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04:06
we make communal agreements,
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곡동 ν˜‘μ•½μ„ μ²΄κ²°ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
04:08
we elect governments,
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μ •λΆ€λ₯Ό μ„ μΆœν•˜κ³ 
법을 톡과 μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
and we pass laws.
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04:11
All this to save our collective selves from our own individual impulses.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  일듀은 개인의 μΆ©λ™μ—μ„œ 집단을 κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
It isn't easy, and we certainly don't get it right nearly all of the time.
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쉽지 μ•Šμ€ 일이며 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 거의 λ§€μˆœκ°„ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ ν•΄λ‚΄μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
But humans at our best have shown that we can solve these problems
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΅œμ„ μ„ λ‹€ν•˜λ©΄ 이런 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
and we can continue to do so if we remember Hardin's lesson.
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그리고 ν•˜λ”˜μ˜ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ¨μ„ λͺ…μ‹¬ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 계속 ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
When the tragedy of the commons applies,
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'κ³΅μœ μ§€μ˜ λΉ„κ·Ή'이 적용될 λ•Œ
04:33
what's good for all of us is good for each of us.
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λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ 쒋은 것이 우리 κ°œκ°œμΈμ—κ²Œλ„ 쒋은 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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