The science behind the myth: Homer's "Odyssey" - Matt Kaplan

2,839,072 views ใƒป 2015-11-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Homer's "Odyssey",
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"ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื”" ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจ,
00:07
one of the oldest works of Western literature,
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ืื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
00:10
recounts the adventures of the Greek hero Odysseus
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ืžืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก
00:12
during his ten-year journey home from the Trojan War.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืข ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ืื ื™ืช.
00:16
Though some parts may be based on real events,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
00:19
the encounters with strange monsters, terrifying giants and powerful magicians
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ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ืขื ืงื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื
00:23
are considered to be complete fiction.
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
00:26
But might there be more to these myths than meets the eye?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ?
00:29
Let's look at one famous episode from the poem.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืคืจืง ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžื”ืคื•ืืžื”.
00:32
In the midst of their long voyage,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื–ื”,
00:34
Odysseus and his crew find themselves on the mysterious island of Aeaea.
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ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ืื™ื™ืื”.
00:38
Starving and exhausted, some of the men stumble upon a palatial home
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ืจื•ืขื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืืจ
00:42
where a stunning woman welcomes them inside for a sumptuous feast.
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ืฉื ืื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืžืžืช ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชื ืœืกืขื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื•ื“ืจืช.
00:47
Of course, this all turns out to be too good to be true.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™.
00:51
The woman, in fact, is the nefarious sorceress Circe,
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ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืขืช ืกื™ืจืกื”,
00:54
and as soon as the soldiers have eaten their fill at her table,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื›ืœื• ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื ื”,
00:57
she turns them all into animals with a wave of her wand.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื ืคื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœื”.
01:02
Fortunately, one of the men escapes,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—,
01:04
finds Odysseus and tells him of the crew's plight.
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ืžืฆื ืืช ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช.
01:07
But as Odysseus rushes to save his men,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ืžื™ื”ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื•,
01:10
he meets the messenger god, Hermes,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื— ืืœื•ื”ื™, ื”ืจืžืก,
01:12
who advises him to first consume a magical herb.
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ืฉื™ืขืฅ ืœื• ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืฆืžื— ืงืกื•ื.
01:15
Odysseus follows this advice,
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ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฆืชื•,
01:17
and when he finally encounters Circe, her spells have no effect on him,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื—ืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจืกื”, ืœืงืกื ืฉืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœื™ื•,
01:20
allowing him to defeat her and rescue his crew.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื•.
01:25
Naturally, this story of witchcraft and animal transformations
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
01:28
was dismissed as nothing more than imagination for centuries.
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ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื›ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
01:32
But in recent years, the many mentions of herbs and drugs throughout the passage
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ ืžืจืคื ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื
01:36
have piqued the interest of scientists,
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ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
01:39
leading some to suggest
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
01:41
the myths might have been fictional expressions of real experiences.
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ืฉื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
01:45
The earliest versions of Homer's text
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ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจ
01:48
say that Circe mixed baneful drugs into the food
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืกื™ืจืกื” ืขืจื‘ื‘ื” ืกืžื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœ
01:52
such that the crew might utterly forget their native land.
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ื›ื–ื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ืื“ืžืช ืžื•ืœื“ืชื.
01:56
As it happens, one of the plants growing in the Mediterranean region
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ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
01:59
is an innocent sounding herb known as Jimson weed,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื‘ ืžืจืคื ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืขืฉื‘ ื’'ื™ืžืกื•ืŸ,
02:02
whose effects include pronounced amnesia.
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ืฉื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ.
02:05
The plant is also loaded with compounds that disrupt the vital neurotransmitter
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ื”ืฆืžื— ื’ื ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ืจื• ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
02:09
called acetylcholine.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืืฆื˜ื™ืœื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ.
02:12
Such disruption can cause vivid hallucinations,
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ื›ื–ื• ื”ืคืจืขื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื•ืช,
02:15
bizarre behaviors,
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช,
02:17
and general difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality,
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ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
02:20
just the sorts of things
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
02:22
which might make people believe they've been turned into animals,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื”,
02:26
which also suggests that Circe was no sorceress,
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื ืžืจืžื– ืฉืกื™ืจืกื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ืฉืคืช,
02:29
but in fact a chemist who knew how to use local plants to great effect.
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ืืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื™ืžืื™ืช ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ืขืœืชื”.
02:34
But Jimson weed is only half the story.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื‘ ื’'ื™ืžืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:37
Unlike a lot of material in the Odyssey,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื”,
02:39
the text about the herb that Hermes gives to Odysseus is unusually specific.
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ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืฉื‘ ื”ืžืจืคื ืฉื”ืจืžืก ื ืชืŸ ืœืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
02:44
Called moly by the gods,
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ื ืงืจื ืžื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื,
02:46
it's described as being found in a forest glen,
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ืžืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื’ืœืŸ,
02:49
black at the root and with a flower as white as milk.
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ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขื ืคืจื— ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ื—ืœื‘.
02:52
Like the rest of the Circe episode,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืจ ื”ืคืจืง ืขืœ ืกื™ืจืกื”,
02:55
moly was dismissed as fictional invention for centuries.
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ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžืžื•ืœื™ ื›ื”ืžืฆืื” ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช.
02:58
But in 1951, Russian pharmacologist Mikhail Mashkovsky
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 1951, ื”ืคืจืžืงื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืžื™ืงืื™ืœ ืžืฉืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™
03:03
discovered that villagers in the Ural Mountains
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ ืื•ืจืœ
03:05
used a plant with a milk-white flower and a black root
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฆืžื— ืขื ืคืจื— ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
03:09
to stave off paralysis in children suffering from polio.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืคื•ืœื™ื•.
03:12
The plant, called snowdrop,
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ื”ืฆืžื—, ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ื™ืคืช ืฉืœื’,
03:14
turned out to contain a compound called galantamine
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ืœื ื˜ืžื™ืŸ
03:17
that prevented the disruption of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine,
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ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื• ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ืจ ืืฆื˜ื™ืœ ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ,
03:21
making it effective in treating not only polio
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื•
03:24
but other disease, such as Alzheimer's.
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ืืœื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
03:28
At the 12th World Congress of Neurology,
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ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื” 12 ืœื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:30
Doctors Andreas Plaitakis and Roger Duvoisin
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ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื ื“ืจืืก ืคืœื˜ืงื™ืก ื•ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืกื•ืŸ
03:33
first proposed that snowdrop was, in fact, the plant Hermes gave to Odysseus.
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ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ืฉืœื’ ื”ื™ืชื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืฆืžื— ืฉื”ืจืžืก ื ืชืŸ ืœืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก.
03:38
Although there is not much direct evidence that people in Homer's day
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืžืจ
03:41
would have known about its anti-hallucinatory effects,
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช,
03:45
we do have a passage from 4th century Greek writer Theophrastus
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 4 ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืชืื•ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืก
03:48
stating that moly is used as an antidote against poisons.
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ืฉื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืจืขืœื™ื.
03:53
So, does this all mean
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
03:55
that Odysseus, Circe, and other characters in the Odyssey were real?
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ืฉืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก, ืกื™ืจืกื”, ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื” ื”ื™ื• ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื™ื?
03:59
Not necessarily.
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—.
04:01
But it does suggest that ancient stories may have more elements of truth to them
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืืžืช ื‘ื”ื
04:05
than we previously thought.
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ืžืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.
04:07
And as we learn more about the world around us,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
04:10
we may uncover some of the same knowledge
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื’ืœื” ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ืข
04:12
hidden within the myths and legends of ages passed.
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ืฉืžื•ื—ื‘ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ืขื‘ืจื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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