The treadmill's dark and twisted past - Conor Heffernan

4,752,147 views ใƒป 2015-09-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:10
The constant thud underneath your feet,
0
10203
3537
ื”ืจืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื›ื,
00:13
the constrained space,
1
13740
1997
ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ,
00:15
and the monotony of going nowhere fast.
2
15737
3870
ื•ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืžื”ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
00:19
It feels like hours have gone by, but it's only been eleven minutes,
3
19607
4515
ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืขื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ืจื• ืจืง ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื“ืงื•ืช,
00:24
and you wonder,
4
24122
1061
ื•ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื,
00:25
"Why am I torturing myself?
5
25183
1798
"ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืขื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื™?
00:26
This thing has got to be considered a cruel and unusual punishment."
6
26981
4751
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ."
00:31
Actually, that's exactly what it is, or was.
7
31732
3370
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื”.
00:35
You see, in the 1800s,
8
35102
2158
ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืžืื” ื” 17,
00:37
treadmills were created to punish English prisoners.
9
37260
4789
ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ื.
00:42
At the time, the English prison system was abysmally bad.
10
42049
3925
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืขื’ื•ื.
00:45
Execution and deportation were often the punishments of choice,
11
45974
4236
ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ,
00:50
and those who were locked away faced hours of solitude in filthy cells.
12
50210
5496
ื•ืืœื” ืฉื ื›ืœืื• ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืชืื™ื ืžื˜ื•ื ืคื™ื.
00:55
So social movements led by religious groups, philanthropies,
13
55706
3234
ืื– ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื,
00:58
and celebrities, like Charles Dickens,
14
58940
2593
ื•ืกืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ื™ืงื ืก,
01:01
sought to change these dire conditions and help reform the prisoners.
15
61533
4899
ื™ืฆืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื’ื•ื ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื.
01:06
When their movement succeeded,
16
66432
1857
ื›ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”,
01:08
entire prisons were remodeled and new forms of rehabilitation,
17
68289
4307
ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื,
01:12
such as the treadmill, were introduced.
18
72596
3124
ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืฆื’ื•.
01:15
Here's how the original version,
19
75720
1944
ื›ืš ืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช,
01:17
invented in 1818 by English engineer Sir William Cubitt, worked.
20
77664
5983
ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ื‘ 1818 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืกืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื˜.
01:23
Prisoners stepped on 24 spokes of a large paddle wheel.
21
83647
4408
ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ื• ืขืœ 24 ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:28
As the wheel turned,
22
88055
1203
ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
01:29
the prisoner was forced to keep stepping up or risk falling off,
23
89258
4342
ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืœืžืขืœื” ืื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืคื™ืœื”,
01:33
similar to modern stepper machines.
24
93600
2840
ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
01:36
Meanwhile, the rotation made gears pump out water,
25
96440
3828
ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื’ืจื ืœื’ืœื’ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื™ื,
01:40
crush grain,
26
100268
1611
ืœืจืกืง ืชื‘ื•ืื”,
01:41
or power mills,
27
101879
1318
ืื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช,
01:43
which is where the name "treadmill" originated.
28
103197
3020
ื•ืžืฉื ื”ืžื•ื ื— "treadmill" (ื“ื•ืจืš ืชื—ื ื”) ื”ื’ื™ืข.
01:46
These devices were seen as a fantastic way of whipping prisoners into shape,
29
106217
4525
ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืจืื” ื›ื“ืจืš ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœื›ื•ืฉืจ,
01:50
and that added benefit of powering mills
30
110742
2415
ื•ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืชื—ื ื•ืช
01:53
helped to rebuild a British economy decimated by the Napoleonic Wars.
31
113157
5134
ืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ื”ืจืกื” ืžืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ืคื•ืœืื•ืŸ.
01:58
It was a win for all concerned, except the prisoners.
32
118291
4047
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœืืกื™ืจื™ื.
02:02
It's estimated that, on average,
33
122338
1932
ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
02:04
prisoners spent six or so hours a day on treadmills,
34
124270
4146
ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
02:08
the equivalent of climbing 5,000 to 14,000 feet.
35
128416
3953
ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืก 1500 ืขื“ 4200 ืžื˜ืจ.
02:12
14,000 feet is roughly Mount Everest's halfway point.
36
132369
4983
4200 ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜.
02:17
Imagine doing that five days a week with little food.
37
137352
4117
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:21
Cubitt's idea quickly spread across the British Empire and America.
38
141469
3853
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
02:25
Within a decade of its creation,
39
145322
1923
ืชื•ืš ืขืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•,
02:27
over 50 English prisons boasted a treadmill,
40
147245
3381
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 50 ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
02:30
and America, a similar amount.
41
150626
2052
ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื”.
02:32
Unsurprisingly, the exertion combined with poor nutrition
42
152678
3793
ืœื ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœืงื•ื™ื”
02:36
saw many prisoners suffer breakdowns and injuries,
43
156471
3059
ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช,
02:39
not that prison guards seemed to care.
44
159530
2731
ืœื ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื›ืคืช ืœืกื•ื”ืจื™ื.
02:42
In 1824, New York prison guard James Hardie credited the device
45
162261
4587
ื‘ 1842, ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืจื“ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ
02:46
with taming his more boisterous inmates, writing that
46
166848
2984
ื‘ื”ืจื’ืขืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ืชื‘
02:49
the "monotonous steadiness, and not its severity...constitutes its terror,"
47
169832
5822
"ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืฉืœื•... ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•."
02:55
a quote many still agree with.
48
175654
3467
ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื™ืชื•.
02:59
And treadmills lasted in England until the late 19th century,
49
179121
3504
ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจื“ื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19,
03:02
when they were banned for being excessively cruel
50
182625
2305
ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืืกืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™
03:04
under the Prison's Act of 1898.
51
184930
3700
ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื ืฉืœ 1898.
03:08
But of course the torture device returned with a vengeance,
52
188630
2988
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื–ืจ ืขื ื ืงืžื”,
03:11
this time targeting the unsuspecting public.
53
191618
4046
ื”ืคืขื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื“.
03:15
In 1911, a treadmill patent was registered in the U.S.,
54
195664
4657
ื‘ 1911, ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ืจืฉื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
03:20
and by 1952, the forerunner for today's modern treadmill had been created.
55
200321
5812
ื•ื‘ 1952, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจ.
03:26
When the jogging craze hit the U.S. in the 1970s,
56
206133
3570
ื›ืฉืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 70,
03:29
the treadmill was thrust back into the limelight
57
209703
2538
ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืฃ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจื™ื
03:32
as an easy and convenient way to improve aerobic fitness,
58
212241
4243
ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืœื” ื•ื”ื ื•ื—ื” ืœืฉืคืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืืจื•ื‘ื™,
03:36
and lose unwanted pounds,
59
216484
2123
ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื,
03:38
which, to be fair, it's pretty good at doing.
60
218607
2636
ืฉืื ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
03:41
And the machine has maintained its popularity since.
61
221243
3147
ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžืื–.
03:44
So the next time you voluntarily subject yourself to what was once
62
224390
3639
ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื
03:48
a cruel and unusual punishment,
63
228029
2398
ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
03:50
just be glad you can control when you'll hop off.
64
230427
3401
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืชื™ ืืชื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7