The carbon cycle - Nathaniel Manning

651,607 views ใƒป 2012-10-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: eviatar edlerman
00:14
Carbon dioxide, or CO2, is the main greenhouse gas in climate change.
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ืื• CO2, ื”ื•ื ื’ื– ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
00:20
So how does CO2 get into our atmosphere?
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ืื– ืื™ืš CO2 ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•?
00:23
Well, carbon is part of a cycle. It starts with the sun,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ. ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
00:28
which heats the Earth's surface with more energy
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ืฉืžื—ืžืžืช ืืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
00:31
in one hour than the whole world uses in a year.
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ื‘ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืžืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื”.
00:34
Plants, which are kind of like biological chefs,
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
00:37
take that sunlight, and then suck in some CO2 from the air,
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ืื– ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืงืฆืช CO2 ืžื”ืื•ื™ืจ,
00:40
mix them together, and BAM!
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ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื‘ืื!
00:42
They create a stored form of energy, in the form of carbohydrates
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืื’ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื™ืžื ื™
00:46
such as glucose and sucrose.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื•ืกื•ื›ืจื•ื–.
00:49
The process is called photosynthesis.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ืงืจื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”.
00:52
When animals like us eat those plants
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ื›ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:54
our stomachs convert that food back into energy for our own growth.
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ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:58
Greenhouse gases are a byproduct of this process,
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ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”,
01:00
and are released through waste.
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ื–ืจืš ืคืกื•ืœืช.
01:03
If those plants die, they decompose, and tiny microorganisms break down those carbohydrates
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ืื ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื™ื, ื”ื ื ืจืงื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช
01:08
and again, release greenhouse gases as a byproduct.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™.
01:12
As you see, energy originates from the sun. It is then transferred as it moves through the food chain.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉ. ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
01:18
But sometimes, carbon based organisms like plants or animals get stuck in the earth.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืชืงืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:24
When this happens, they're compressed under tons of pressure,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื”ื ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ืชื—ืช ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ,
01:28
and turned into carbon-based fossil fuels
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ
01:30
like oil, coal or natural gas.
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ื›ืžื• ื ืคื˜, ืคื—ื ืื• ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
01:33
Since the Industrial Revolution, humans have been pulling those fossil fuels out of the ground
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ืžืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ืื“ืžื”
01:37
and burning them, activating the stored energy
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ื•ืฉืจืคื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืฆื•ืจื”
01:41
to make electricity and power engines.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื.
01:44
But the thing is it also releases millions of years worth of stored CO2 back into the air.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื’ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ CO2 ืื’ื•ืจ ืœืื•ื™ืจ.
01:52
In addition, humans breathe in oxygen and breathe out CO2.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื CO2.
01:57
But plants do the opposite.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืคืš.
02:00
Trees suck up huge amounts of CO2, which balances the cycle.
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ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ CO2, ืฉืžืื–ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ.
02:04
Thus, deforestation reduces the plants that store CO2.
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ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืื•ื’ืจื™ื CO2.
02:09
We're attacking the cycle from both sides.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
02:11
Think of it like a computer. A computer can operate a few programs at a time, right?
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื—ืฉื‘. ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:16
Normally, when you've finished with a document, you save, and you close it,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืžืกืžืš, ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
02:20
so as not to overwork the computer.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
02:22
Then, imagine you stopped closing your documents.
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ืื–, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื.
02:26
So they were all open at once.
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ืื– ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:28
Your computer wouldn't be able to process it all.
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ืœ.
02:30
It would start to slow down, and then to freeze, and eventually it would crash.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืื˜, ื•ืื– ื™ืงืคื, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืงืจื•ืก.
02:33
Which might be where our environment is heading if we keep overloading the carbon cycle.
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ืœืฉื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
02:38
So is there any way to rebalance the ecosystem?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœืื–ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช?
02:41
What about technology? Technology is defined as a technique to solve a problem.
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ืžื” ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”? ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
02:46
And so, sustainable technologies are those whose output is equal to their input.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžื” ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
02:52
They do not create negative externalities,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
02:54
such as CO2, in the present or the future.
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ื›ืžื• CO2, ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
02:57
They sort of cancel themselves out to solve the problem.
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ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:01
To achieve this, we need to invent sustainable technologies.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
03:04
If we put all the ideas and technologies ever created into one circle,
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ืื ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืื—ื“,
03:09
then invention is the pushing of the boundaries of that circle.
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ืื– ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื—ื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
03:12
And the area outside of the circle is infinite,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™,
03:15
meaning the potential for invention is limitless.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™.
03:18
Think about some of the incredible clean technologies we have today. [Wind; Electric & Solar Cars; Biogas]
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื. [ืจื•ื—, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช; ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื–]
03:22
[Biofuels; Photosynthetic Algae; Compost] All those ideas have one thing in common.
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[ื‘ื™ื• ื“ืœืงื™ื; ืืฆื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ืกื™ื•ืช; ืงื•ืžืคื•ืกื˜] ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
03:25
They all came from people. People innovate.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื.
03:29
People create. It's the limitless potential of creative people
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื
03:34
to build unimagined technologies that is going to stop climate change
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจ ืฉื™ืขืฆืจื• ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
03:39
and rebalance the ecosystem. And that is something to be hopeful about.
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ื•ื™ืื–ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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