History vs. Vladimir Lenin - Alex Gendler

5,902,172 views ใƒป 2014-04-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
He was one of the most influential figures
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช
00:09
of the 20th century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 20.
00:10
forever changing the course
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžื”ืœืš
00:12
of one of the world's largest countries.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:14
But was he a hero
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
00:16
who toppled an oppressive tyranny
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ืฉื”ืคื™ืœ ืฉื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืจื™ืฅ
00:17
or a villain who replaced it with another?
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ืื• ื ื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื—ืจ?
00:20
It's time to put Lenin on the stand
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืœื ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ
00:23
in History vs. Lenin.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืœ ืœื ื™ืŸ.
00:26
"Order, order, hmm.
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"ืกื“ืจ, ืกื“ืจ, ื”ืžืž.
00:28
Now, wasn't it your fault that the band broke up?"
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืฉืžืชืš ืฉื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ืชืคืจืงื”?"
00:32
"Your honor, this is Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov,
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"ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื–ื” ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืœื™ืฅ' ืื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื‘,
00:36
AKA Lenin, the rabblerouser
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ืœื ื™ืŸ, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืจื“
00:38
who helped overthrow the Russian tsar Nicholas II in 1917
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ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ 1917
00:42
and founded the Soviet Union,
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ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช,
00:45
one of the worst dictatorships of the 20th century."
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20."
00:48
"Ohh."
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"ืื•ื”ื”."
00:50
"The tsar was a bloody tyrant
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"ื”ืฆืืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืจื™ืฅ ืจืฆื—ื ื™
00:52
under whom the masses toiled in slavery."
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ืชื—ืชื™ื• ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื."
00:55
"This is rubbish.
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"ื–ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:57
Serfdom had already been abolished in 1861."
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ื”ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ 1861."
01:01
"And replaced by something worse.
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"ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:03
The factory bosses treated the people
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ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื
01:04
far worse than their former feudal landlords.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืื•ื“ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.
01:08
And unlike the landlords,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื,
01:09
they were always there.
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื.
01:12
Russian workers toiled for eleven hours a day
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ืขืžืœื• ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื
01:16
and were the lowest paid in all of Europe."
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”."
01:19
"But Tsar Nicholas made laws to protect the workers."
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"ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื."
01:23
"He reluctantly did the bare minimum to avert revolution,
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"ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืคื›ื”,
01:27
and even there, he failed.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืฉืœ.
01:29
Remember what happened in 1905
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ 1905
01:31
after his troops fired on peaceful petitioners?"
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืงื˜ื™ื?"
01:35
"Yes, and the tsar ended the rebellion
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"ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืืจ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื“
01:36
by introducing a constitution
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื—ื•ืงื”
01:38
and an elected parliament, the Duma."
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ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ื”ื“ื•ืžื."
01:41
"While retaining absolute power and dissolving them
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"ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ืžืคื–ืจ ืื•ืชื
01:45
whenever he wanted."
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ื›ืฉืจืฆื”."
01:46
"Perhaps there would've been more reforms in due time
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"ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ
01:49
if radicals, like Lenin,
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ืื ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœื ื™ืŸ,
01:51
weren't always stirring up trouble."
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ."
01:53
"Your Honor, Lenin had seen his older brother Aleksandr
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ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ืœื ื™ืŸ ืจืื” ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ
01:57
executed by the previous tsar for revolutionary activity,
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ืžื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช,
02:03
and even after the reforms,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช,
02:04
Nicholas continued the same mass repression and executions,
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ื ื™ืงื•ืœืืก ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’,
02:09
as well as the unpopular involvement
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ืช
02:11
in World War I,
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
02:13
that cost Russia so many lives and resources."
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ื–ื” ืขืœื” ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื."
02:17
"Hm, this tsar doesn't sound like
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"ื”ืžืž, ื”ืฆืืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื•
02:18
such a capital fellow."
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื’ืจื•ืข."
02:20
"Your Honor, maybe Nicholas II did doom himself
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"ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื–ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื•
02:23
with bad decisions,
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ืขื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช,
02:24
but Lenin deserves no credit for this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:26
When the February 1917 uprisings
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ื›ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 1917
02:29
finally forced the tsar to abdicate,
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ื’ืจืžื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืฆืืจ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ,
02:31
Lenin was still exiled in Switzerland."
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ืœื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ื”."
02:33
"Hm, so who came to power?"
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"ื”ืžืž, ืื– ืžื™ ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ?"
02:36
"The Duma formed a provisional government,
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"ื”ื“ื•ืžื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืžืฉืœืช ืžืขื‘ืจ,
02:38
led by Alexander Kerensky,
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืงืจื ืกืงื™,
02:40
an incompetent bourgeois failure.
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ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื—ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.
02:43
He even launched another failed offensive in the war,
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืชืงืคื” ื›ื•ืฉืœืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”,
02:46
where Russia had already lost so much,
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ื›ืฉืจื•ืกื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”,
02:49
instead of ending it like the people wanted."
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืกื™ื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื•."
02:52
"It was a constitutional social democratic government,
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"ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช,
02:55
the most progressive of its time.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื”.
02:57
And it could have succeeded eventually
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
02:59
if Lenin hadn't returned in April,
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ืื ืœื ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ,
03:01
sent by the Germans to undermine the Russian war effort
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ื ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืœืกื›ืœ ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื
03:05
and instigate riots."
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ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช."
03:07
"Such slander!
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"ื›ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฆื”!
03:09
The July Days were a spontaneous and justified reaction
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ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ืฆื•ื“ืงืช
03:12
against the government's failures.
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ.
03:15
And Kerensky showed his true colors
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ื•ืงืจื ืกืงื™ ื”ืจืื” ืืช ืคืจืฆื•ืคื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™
03:17
when he blamed Lenin
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืœื ื™ืŸ
03:18
and arrested and outlawed his Bolshevik party,
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ื•ืขืฆืจ ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืช,
03:22
forcing him to flee into exile again.
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ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
03:24
Some democracy!
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ืžืžืฉ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”!
03:25
It's a good thing the government collapsed
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืงืจืกื”
03:27
under their own incompetence and greed
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ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื”ืชืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื”ื
03:30
when they tried to stage a military coup
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืคื‘ืจืง ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช
03:32
then had to ask the Bolsheviks for help
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื‘ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืขื–ืจื”
03:35
when it backfired.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื—ื–ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื.
03:37
After that, all Lenin had to do
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช
03:39
was return in October and take charge.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“.
03:42
The government was peacefully overthrown overnight."
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช."
03:46
"But what the Bolsheviks did
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"ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืขืฉื•
03:48
after gaining power
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขืœื• ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ
03:49
wasn't very peaceful.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืจื’ื•ืข.
03:51
How many people did they execute without trial?
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืœืœื ืžืฉืคื˜?
03:53
And was it really necessary
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ื•ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื›ืจื—ื™
03:55
to murder the tsar's entire family, even the children?"
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ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืฆืืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื?"
03:59
"Russia was being attacked by foreign imperialists,
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"ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืชืงืคืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื,
04:02
trying to restore the tsar.
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ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืืจ.
04:04
Any royal heir that was rescued
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืขืฆืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืœ
04:06
would be recognized as ruler by foreign governments.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ื–ืจื™ื.
04:09
It would've been the end
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืฃ
04:11
of everything the people had fought so hard to achieve.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
04:13
Besides, Lenin may not have given the order."
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ืœื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื”."
04:16
"But it was not only imperialists
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"ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื
04:18
that the Bolsheviks killed.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืจื’ื•.
04:19
What about the purges and executions
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ืžื” ืขื ื”ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’
04:21
of other socialist and anarchist parties,
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ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืื ืจื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช,
04:23
their old allies?
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ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื?
04:25
What about the Tambov Rebellion,
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ืžื” ืขื ืžืจื“ ื˜ืžื‘ื•ื‘,
04:26
where peasants, resisting grain confiscation,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื”ื—ืจืžืช ืชื‘ื•ืื”,
04:29
were killed with poison gas?
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ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืขื ื’ื– ืจืขื™ืœ?
04:32
Or sending the army
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ืื• ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ืฆื‘ื
04:33
to crush the workers in Kronstadt,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื ืกื˜ืื“ื˜,
04:35
who were demanding democratic self-management?
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ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืขืฆืžืื™?
04:37
Was this still fighting for the people?"
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœื—ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื?"
04:39
"Yes! The measures were difficult,
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"ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื,
04:42
but it was a difficult time.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
04:44
The new government needed to secure itself
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
04:46
while being attacked from all sides,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืงืฃ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื,
04:48
so that the socialist order could be established."
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœื˜."
04:51
"And what good came of this socialist order?
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"ื•ืื™ื–ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฆืžื—ื” ืžื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”?
04:54
Even after the civil war was won,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
04:55
there were famines, repression
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื‘, ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™
04:57
and millions executed or sent to die in camps,
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ื•ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืื• ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช,
05:01
while Lenin's successor Stalin established
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ ื™ืกื“
05:04
a cult of personality and absolute power."
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ื›ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืื™ืฉื™ ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™."
05:07
"That wasn't the plan.
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"ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
05:09
Lenin never cared for personal gains,
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ืœื ื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื,
05:11
even his enemies admitted
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื“ื•
05:12
that he fully believed in his cause,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื•,
05:14
living modestly and working tirelessly
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ื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆื ื•ืข ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืœื ืœืื•ืช
05:16
from his student days until his too early death.
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ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฉืœื• ืขื“ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœื•.
05:20
He saw how power-hungry Stalin was
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ ื”ืจืขื‘ ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื”
05:22
and tried to warn the party,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”,
05:23
but it was too late."
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™."
05:25
"And the decades of totalitarianism that followed after?"
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"ื•ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ืจื™ื–ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ?"
05:28
"You could call it that,
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"ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื›ื›ื”,
05:30
but it was Lenin's efforts that changed Russia
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”
05:32
in a few decades
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
05:34
from a backward and undeveloped monarchy
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ืžืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉืœืช ื•ืœื ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช
05:37
full of illiterate peasants
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ืžืœืื” ื‘ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘
05:39
to a modern, industrial superpower,
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ืœืžืขืฆืžื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
05:42
with one of the world's best educated populations,
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ืขื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช,
05:45
unprecedented opportunities for women,
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื,
05:48
and some of the most important scientific advancements
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข
05:51
of the century.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื”.
05:53
Life may not have been luxurious,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช,
05:55
but nearly everyone had a roof over their head
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื’ ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ื”ื
05:57
and food on their plate,
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ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช,
05:59
which few countries have achieved."
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.:
06:01
"But these advances could still have happened,
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"ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช,
06:03
even without Lenin
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืŸ
06:04
and the repressive regime he established."
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžื“ื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืกื“."
06:06
"Yes, and I could've been a famous rock and roll singer.
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"ื›ืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืจ ืจื•ืง ืื ื“ ืจื•ืœ ืžืคื•ืจืกื.
06:09
But how would I have sounded?"
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืฉืžืข?"
06:13
We can never be sure how things could've unfolded
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ืœืขืœื•ื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื
06:16
if different people were in power
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ
06:18
or different decisions were made,
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ืื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ืขืฉื•ืช,
06:19
but to avoid the mistakes of the past,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
06:22
we must always be willing
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื
06:23
to put historical figures on trial.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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