The fascinating history of cemeteries - Keith Eggener

6,198,005 views ใƒป 2018-10-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
Spindly trees,
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ืขืฆื™ื ืžืชืคืชืœื™ื,
00:09
rusted gates,
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ืฉืขืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ื“ื™ื,
00:11
crumbling stone,
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ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช,
00:13
a solitary mournerโ€”
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ืžืชืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ --
00:15
these things come to mind when we think of cemeteries.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช.
00:18
But not so long ago,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ,
00:20
many burial grounds were lively places,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชืจื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืœืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:22
with blooming gardens and crowds of people
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ืขื ื’ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืงื”ืœื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
00:25
strolling among the headstones.
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ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช.
00:29
How did our cemeteries become what they are today?
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ืื™ืš ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื?
00:32
Some have been around for centuries,
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ื›ืžื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
00:34
like the worldโ€™s largest, Wadi al-Salaam,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื“ื™ ืืœ ืกืœืื,
00:37
where more than five million people are buried.
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ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
00:40
But most of the places weโ€™d recognize as cemeteries are much younger.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
00:44
In fact, for much of human history,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:46
we didnโ€™t bury our dead at all.
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ืœื ืงื‘ืจื ื• ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
00:48
Our ancient ancestors had many other ways of parting with the dead loved ones.
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ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื“ ืžืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืชื™ื.
00:53
Some were left in caves,
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช,
00:55
others in trees
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ื
00:56
or on mountaintops.
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ืื• ืขืœ ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื.
00:58
Still others were sunk in lakes,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื,
01:00
put out to sea,
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ื”ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ื™ื,
01:02
ritually cannibalized,
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ื ืื›ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืงืกื™,
01:04
or cremated.
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ืื• ื ืฉืจืคื•.
01:05
All of these practices,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:07
though some may seem strange today,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื” ื ืจืื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:09
were ways of venerating the dead.
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืงื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื.
01:12
By contrast, the first known burials
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:14
about 120,000 years ago
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ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 120,000 ืฉื ื”,
01:17
were likely reserved for transgressors,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื,
01:19
excluding them from the usual rites
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื˜ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
01:22
intended to honor the dead.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื.
01:24
But the first burials revealed some advantages over other practices:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื:
01:28
they protected bodies from scavengers and the elements,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœื™ ื ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืชื ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:32
while shielding loved ones from the sight of decay.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ืžืžืจืื” ื”ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:35
These benefits may have shifted ancient peopleโ€™s thinking
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ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ืขื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
01:38
toward graves designed to honor the dead,
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ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืžืชื™ื”ื,
01:41
and burial became more common.
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื ืคื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:43
Sometimes, these graves contained practical or ritual objects,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ื˜ืงืกื™ื™ื,
01:47
suggesting belief in an afterlife
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ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
01:49
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ืฉื ื”ืžืชื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
01:52
Communal burials first appeared in North Africa and West Asia
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ืงื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืžืขืจื‘ ืืกื™ื”
01:56
around 10 to 15,000 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื› 10,000 ืขื“ 15,000 ืฉื ื”,
01:59
around the same time as the first permanent settlements in these areas.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
02:04
These burial grounds created permanent places to commemorate the dead.
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื.
02:09
The nomadic Scythians littered the steppes
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ื”ืกืงื™ืชื™ืื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืงื“ื• ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช
02:11
with grave mounds known as kurgans.
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ื‘ืชื™ืœื™ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืงื•ืจื’ื ื™ื.
02:15
The Etruscans built expansive necropoles,
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ื”ืื˜ืจื•ืกืงื ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืขืจื™ ืžืชื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช,
02:18
their grid-patterned streets lined with tombs.
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ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืจืฉืช ืžื“ื•ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื.
02:21
In Rome, subterranean catacombs housed
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ื‘ืจื•ืžื, ืงื˜ืงื•ืžื‘ื•ืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื ื•
02:25
both cremation urns and intact remains.
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ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื•ื’ื ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
02:28
The word cemetery, or โ€œsleeping chamber,โ€
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช, ืื• "ืชื ืฉื™ื ื”,"
02:32
was first used by ancient Greeks,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื,
02:35
who built tombs in graveyards
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ืฉื‘ื ื• ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช
02:36
at the edges of their cities.
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ื‘ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื.
02:39
In medieval European cities,
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:41
Christian churchyards provided rare, open spaces
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ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืคืงื• ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื
02:44
that accommodated the dead,
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ืฉื ืชื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืชื™ื,
02:45
but also hosted markets, fairs, and other events.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืจื—ื• ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื, ื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:49
Farmers even grazed cattle in them,
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ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืขื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืจ,
02:51
believing graveyard grass made for sweeter milk.
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ื›ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืขืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืชืŸ ื—ืœื‘ ืžืชื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:55
As cities grew during the industrial revolution,
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ื›ืฉืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ืชื™ืช,
02:58
large suburban cemeteries replaced smaller urban churchyards.
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ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:03
Cemeteries like the 110-acre Pรจre-Lachaise in Paris
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ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคืจ-ืœืฉื™ื™ื– ื‘ืŸ 25 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–
03:07
or the 72-acre Mt. Auburn in Cambridge, Massachusetts
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ืื• ื”ืจ ืืื•ื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืŸ 18 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’', ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก
03:12
were lushly landscaped gardens
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ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคื—ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืคืขื™ื
03:14
filled with sculpted stones
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ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืคืกืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ
03:16
and ornate tombs.
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ื•ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ื™ื.
03:18
Once a luxury reserved for the rich and powerful,
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ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืคืขื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ื—,
03:22
individually marked graves
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ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“
03:23
became available to the middle and working classes.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
03:27
People visited cemeteries for funerals,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช,
03:30
but also for anniversaries, holidays,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื™ืžื™ ืฉื ื”, ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื,
03:32
or simply an afternoon outdoors.
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ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
03:36
By the late 19th century, as more public parks and botanical gardens appeared,
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19, ื›ืฉืคืืจืงื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื•,
03:41
cemeteries began to lose visitors.
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ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื.
03:43
Today, many old cemeteries are lonely places.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
03:47
Some are luring visitors back with tours,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืขื ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื,
03:50
concerts, and other attractions.
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ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:52
But even as we revive old cemeteries,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
03:54
weโ€™re rethinking the future of burial.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื”.
03:57
Cities like London, New York, and Hong Kong
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ืœืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’
04:00
are running out of burial space.
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ื ื’ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”.
04:02
Even in places where space isnโ€™t so tight,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื—ืกืจ ืžืงื•ื,
04:05
cemeteries permanently occupy land
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ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
04:07
that canโ€™t be otherwise cultivated or developed.
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ืฉืื—ืจืช ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืื• ืœืคืชื—.
04:10
Traditional burial consumes materials
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ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
04:13
like metal, stone, and concrete,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืชื›ืช, ืื‘ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:16
and can pollute soil and groundwater
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื ืื“ืžื” ื•ืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื
04:19
with toxic chemicals.
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ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื.
04:21
With increasing awareness of the environmental costs,
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ืขื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืœืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
04:23
people are seeking alternatives.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
04:26
Many are turning to cremation and related practices.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฉืจื™ืคื” ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื.
04:29
Along with these more conventional practices,
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:31
people can now have their remains shot into space,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื’ื•ืคื ื™ืฉื•ื’ืจ ืœื—ืœืœ,
04:34
used to fertilize a tree,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ืฉืŸ ืœืขืฆื™ื,
04:36
or made into jewelry,
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ืื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชื›ืฉื™ื˜,
04:38
fireworks,
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ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื,
04:39
and even tattoo ink.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ื• ืœืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื.
04:42
In the future, options like these may replace burial completely.
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:46
Cemeteries may be our most familiar monuments to the departed,
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ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ืคืจื“ื™ื,
04:50
but theyโ€™re just one step
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืจืง ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ื“
04:52
in our ever-evolving process
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช
04:54
of remembering and honoring the dead.
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ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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