The fascinating history of cemeteries - Keith Eggener

6,188,638 views ・ 2018-10-30

TED-Ed


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Prevoditelj: Petra Lauš Recezent: Sanda L
00:06
Spindly trees,
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Tanko drveće,
00:09
rusted gates,
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hrđava vrata,
00:11
crumbling stone,
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kamen koji se mrvi,
00:13
a solitary mourner—
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osamljeni ožalošćeni -
00:15
these things come to mind when we think of cemeteries.
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te nam stvari padaju na pamet kada se sjetimo groblja.
00:18
But not so long ago,
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Ali ne tako davno
00:20
many burial grounds were lively places,
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mnoga su groblja bila živahna mjesta
00:22
with blooming gardens and crowds of people
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s vrtovima koji cvjetaju i mnoštvom ljudi
00:25
strolling among the headstones.
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koji šeću oko nadgrobnih spomenika.
00:29
How did our cemeteries become what they are today?
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Kako su groblja postala ono što su danas?
00:32
Some have been around for centuries,
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Neka postoje stoljećima,
00:34
like the world’s largest, Wadi al-Salaam,
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poput najvećeg groblja na svijetu pod nazivom Wadi al-Salaam,
00:37
where more than five million people are buried.
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gdje je pokopano više od pet milijuna ljudi.
00:40
But most of the places we’d recognize as cemeteries are much younger.
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Većina mjesta koja bismo prepoznali kao groblja mnogo su mlađa.
00:44
In fact, for much of human history,
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Zapravo, kroz veći dio ljudske povijesti
00:46
we didn’t bury our dead at all.
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nismo uopće pokapali mrtve.
00:48
Our ancient ancestors had many other ways of parting with the dead loved ones.
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Naši su se preci rastajali od voljenih preminulih na mnogo načina.
00:53
Some were left in caves,
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Neke su ostavljali u špiljama,
00:55
others in trees
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druge na drveću ili vrhovima planina.
00:56
or on mountaintops.
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00:58
Still others were sunk in lakes,
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Neke su potopili u jezera, pustili da otplove,
01:00
put out to sea,
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01:02
ritually cannibalized,
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pojeli u kanibalističkom obredu ili kremirali.
01:04
or cremated.
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01:05
All of these practices,
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Svi su ti postupci, iako se neki od njih danas čine neobičnima,
01:07
though some may seem strange today,
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01:09
were ways of venerating the dead.
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bili načini iskazivanja poštovanja preminulima.
01:12
By contrast, the first known burials
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Naprotiv, prvi su poznati pokopi prije otprilike 120 000 godina
01:14
about 120,000 years ago
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01:17
were likely reserved for transgressors,
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vjerojatno bili rezervirani za prijestupnike
01:19
excluding them from the usual rites
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koje se izuzimalo iz uobičajenih obreda
01:22
intended to honor the dead.
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kojima se iskazivala počast mrtvima.
01:24
But the first burials revealed some advantages over other practices:
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Prvi su pokopi otkrili neke prednosti nad ostalim postupcima:
01:28
they protected bodies from scavengers and the elements,
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štitili su tijela od strvinara i vremenskih pojava,
01:32
while shielding loved ones from the sight of decay.
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spriječavajući da ožalošćeni vide raspadanje.
01:35
These benefits may have shifted ancient people’s thinking
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Moguće je da su te prednosti usmjerile način razmišljanja drevnih predaka
01:38
toward graves designed to honor the dead,
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prema grobovima napravljenima u čast preminuloga
01:41
and burial became more common.
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i pokop je postao uobičajen.
01:43
Sometimes, these graves contained practical or ritual objects,
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Ponekad su grobovi sadržavali praktične ili obredne predmete,
01:47
suggesting belief in an afterlife
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što upućuje na to da su vjerovali u zagrobni život
01:49
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gdje bi mrtvima mogli trebati takvi alati.
01:52
Communal burials first appeared in North Africa and West Asia
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Zajednička su se groblja pojavila u sjevernoj Africi i zapadnoj Aziji
01:56
around 10 to 15,000 years ago,
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prije oko 10 000 do 15 000 godina,
01:59
around the same time as the first permanent settlements in these areas.
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u isto vrijeme kada i prva stalna naselja u tim područjima.
02:04
These burial grounds created permanent places to commemorate the dead.
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Ta su groblja postala trajna mjesta komemoracije.
02:09
The nomadic Scythians littered the steppes
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Nomadi Skiti po stepama su razbacali grobne humke
02:11
with grave mounds known as kurgans.
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pod nazivom kurgani.
02:15
The Etruscans built expansive necropoles,
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Etruščani su gradili velike nekropole,
02:18
their grid-patterned streets lined with tombs.
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njihove su pravilne ulice bile okružene grobnicama.
02:21
In Rome, subterranean catacombs housed
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U Rimu podzemne su katakombe čuvale urne i netaknute ostatke.
02:25
both cremation urns and intact remains.
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02:28
The word cemetery, or “sleeping chamber,”
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Riječ "groblje" ili "odaja za spavanje" prvi su koristili drevni Grci
02:32
was first used by ancient Greeks,
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02:35
who built tombs in graveyards
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koji su gradili grobnice na grobljima na rubovima gradova.
02:36
at the edges of their cities.
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02:39
In medieval European cities,
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U srednjovjekovnim europskim gradovima
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Christian churchyards provided rare, open spaces
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kršćanska su groblja nerijetko pružala otvoreni prostor
02:44
that accommodated the dead,
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gdje su bili smješteni mrtvi,
02:45
but also hosted markets, fairs, and other events.
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ali i prostor za tržnice, sajmove i druge događaje.
Poljoprivrednici su na groblje stoku izvodili na pašu,
02:49
Farmers even grazed cattle in them,
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02:51
believing graveyard grass made for sweeter milk.
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misleći da je zbog trave s groblja mlijeko slađe.
02:55
As cities grew during the industrial revolution,
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Kako su gradovi rasli u Industrijskoj revoluciji,
02:58
large suburban cemeteries replaced smaller urban churchyards.
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velika su prigradska groblja zamijenila mala, gradska, crkvena groblja.
03:03
Cemeteries like the 110-acre Père-Lachaise in Paris
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Groblja poput Père-Lachaisea u Parizu koji ima 0,4 km²
03:07
or the 72-acre Mt. Auburn in Cambridge, Massachusetts
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ili Mt. Auburn od 0,3 km² u Cambridgeu u saveznoj državi Massachusettes,
03:12
were lushly landscaped gardens
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bila su bujni vrtovi, puni skulptura i kićenih grobnica.
03:14
filled with sculpted stones
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03:16
and ornate tombs.
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03:18
Once a luxury reserved for the rich and powerful,
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Nekoć luksuz rezerviran za bogate i moćne,
03:22
individually marked graves
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individualni su grobovi postali dostupni srednjoj i radničkoj klasi.
03:23
became available to the middle and working classes.
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03:27
People visited cemeteries for funerals,
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Ljudi su groblja posjećivali zbog sprovoda,
03:30
but also for anniversaries, holidays,
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ali i za godišnjice i praznike
03:32
or simply an afternoon outdoors.
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ili jednostavno da tamo provedu poslijepodne.
03:36
By the late 19th century, as more public parks and botanical gardens appeared,
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U kasnom 19. stoljeću, pojavom javnih parkova i botaničkih vrtova,
03:41
cemeteries began to lose visitors.
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groblja su počela gubiti posjetitelje.
03:43
Today, many old cemeteries are lonely places.
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Mnoga su stara groblja danas usamljena mjesta.
03:47
Some are luring visitors back with tours,
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Neka posjetitelje mame razgledima,
03:50
concerts, and other attractions.
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koncertima i ostalim atrakcijama.
03:52
But even as we revive old cemeteries,
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Ali čak i dok oživljavamo stara groblja,
03:54
we’re rethinking the future of burial.
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promišljamo o budućnosti pokapanja.
03:57
Cities like London, New York, and Hong Kong
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Gradovima poput Londona, New Yorka i Hong Konga
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are running out of burial space.
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ponestaje prostora za pokapanje.
04:02
Even in places where space isn’t so tight,
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Čak i ondje gdje prostora ne nedostaje,
04:05
cemeteries permanently occupy land
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groblja trajno zauzimaju zemlju
04:07
that can’t be otherwise cultivated or developed.
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koja se ne može obrađivati ili razvijati.
04:10
Traditional burial consumes materials
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Tradicionalan pokop zahtijeva materijale
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like metal, stone, and concrete,
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poput metala, kamena i betona,
04:16
and can pollute soil and groundwater
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koji zemlju i podzemne vode mogu zagaditi otrovnim kemikalijama.
04:19
with toxic chemicals.
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04:21
With increasing awareness of the environmental costs,
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Kako se svijest o utjecaju na okoliš razvija,
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people are seeking alternatives.
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ljudi traže alternativne opcije.
04:26
Many are turning to cremation and related practices.
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Mnogi se okreću kremiranju i sličnim postupcima.
04:29
Along with these more conventional practices,
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Uz ove konvencionalnije postupke,
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people can now have their remains shot into space,
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ljudski ostaci se sada mogu poslati u svemir,
04:34
used to fertilize a tree,
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iskoristiti za gnojidbu drveća
04:36
or made into jewelry,
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ili pretvoriti u nakit, vatromet, čak i u tintu za tetoviranje.
04:38
fireworks,
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04:39
and even tattoo ink.
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04:42
In the future, options like these may replace burial completely.
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Možda će opcije poput ovih u budućnosti potpuno zamijeniti pokapanje.
04:46
Cemeteries may be our most familiar monuments to the departed,
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Groblja možda jesu naši dobro poznati spomenici pokojnicima,
04:50
but they’re just one step
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ali ona su samo jedan korak
04:52
in our ever-evolving process
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u našem trajnom procesu evolucije sjećanja i iskazivanja časti preminulima.
04:54
of remembering and honoring the dead.
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