The fascinating history of cemeteries - Keith Eggener

6,221,611 views ・ 2018-10-30

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: GGTC JELLY κ²€ν† : Won Jang
00:06
Spindly trees,
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μ•™μƒν•œ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€,
00:09
rusted gates,
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λ…ΉμŠ¨ λ¬Έ,
00:11
crumbling stone,
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λ°”μŠ€λŸ¬μ Έκ°€λŠ” 비석,
00:13
a solitary mournerβ€”
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ν™€λ‘œ μžˆλŠ” 문상객
00:15
these things come to mind when we think of cemeteries.
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λͺ¨λ‘ κ³΅λ™λ¬˜μ§€λ₯Ό 생각할 λ•Œ λ– μ˜€λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
But not so long ago,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ–Όλ§ˆ μ „κΉŒμ§€λ§Œ 해도
00:20
many burial grounds were lively places,
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λ§Žμ€ λ¬˜μ§€λŠ” ν™œκΈ° λ„˜μΉ˜λŠ” μž₯μ†Œμ˜€μœΌλ©°
00:22
with blooming gardens and crowds of people
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꽃이 λ§Œκ°œν•œ 정원과 λ¬˜λΉ„ 사이λ₯Ό κ±°λ‹ˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ„˜μ³λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
strolling among the headstones.
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00:29
How did our cemeteries become what they are today?
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κ³΅λ™λ¬˜μ§€κ°€ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ²˜λŸΌ λ˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 무슨 일이 μžˆμ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:32
Some have been around for centuries,
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κ³΅λ™λ¬˜μ§€ 쀑 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€ λͺ‡ μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ μ‘΄μž¬ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
like the world’s largest, Wadi al-Salaam,
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κ·Έ μ˜ˆμ‹œλ‘œλŠ” μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 큰 와디 μ•Œ μ‚΄λžŒ λ¬˜μ§€κ°€ 있고
00:37
where more than five million people are buried.
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κ·Έκ³³μ—λŠ” 였백만 λͺ…이 λ„˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ¬»ν˜”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
But most of the places we’d recognize as cemeteries are much younger.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ κ³΅λ™λ¬˜μ§€λΌκ³  μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” μž₯μ†Œλ“€μ€ 훨씬 더 μ΅œκ·Όμ— μƒκ²¨λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
In fact, for much of human history,
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사싀, κ³Όκ±°λΆ€ν„° 였랜 μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ
00:46
we didn’t bury our dead at all.
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인λ₯˜λŠ” 죽은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 묻지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
Our ancient ancestors had many other ways of parting with the dead loved ones.
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κ³ λŒ€ 쑰상듀은 세상을 λ– λ‚œ μ†Œμ€‘ν•œ 이와 μ΄λ³„ν•˜λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 방법을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
Some were left in caves,
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동꡴ μ•ˆμ— λ†“κ±°λ‚˜,
00:55
others in trees
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λ˜λŠ” λ‚˜λ¬΄ μœ„μ— λ†“κ±°λ‚˜,
00:56
or on mountaintops.
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ν˜Ήμ€ μ‚°κΌ­λŒ€κΈ°μ— λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
Still others were sunk in lakes,
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λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€ 호수 μ•„λž˜ λΉ νŠΈλ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜,
01:00
put out to sea,
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바닀에 ν˜λ €λ³΄λ‚΄κ±°λ‚˜
01:02
ritually cannibalized,
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μ˜μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ λ¨Ήκ±°λ‚˜
01:04
or cremated.
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ν™”μž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
All of these practices,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ΄€μŠ΅λ“€μ€
01:07
though some may seem strange today,
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이상해 보일지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
01:09
were ways of venerating the dead.
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κ³ λŒ€ 쑰상이 죽은 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ• λ„ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
By contrast, the first known burials
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— 졜초 무덀이 λ“±μž₯ν•œ μ‹œκΈ°μΈ
01:14
about 120,000 years ago
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12 만 λ…„ μ „μ—λŠ”
01:17
were likely reserved for transgressors,
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무덀은 λ²”μ£„μžλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
excluding them from the usual rites
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무덀은 죽은 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ• λ„ν•˜λŠ” 일반적인 μ˜μ‹μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 이듀을 μ œμ™Έμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
intended to honor the dead.
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01:24
But the first burials revealed some advantages over other practices:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 λ¬΄λ€μ—λŠ” μž₯점이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
they protected bodies from scavengers and the elements,
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그듀은 μ§μŠΉλ“€κ³Ό μ—¬λŸ¬ μš”μ†Œλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λͺΈμ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
01:32
while shielding loved ones from the sight of decay.
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μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λΆ€νŒ¨ν•˜λŠ” 것을 보지 μ•Šμ•„λ„ λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
These benefits may have shifted ancient people’s thinking
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 이점듀은 무덀에 λŒ€ν•œ κ³ λŒ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 생각을 κΈμ •μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΏ¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
toward graves designed to honor the dead,
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01:41
and burial became more common.
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그리고 맀μž₯은 λ³΄νŽΈν™”λ˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
Sometimes, these graves contained practical or ritual objects,
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λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ, λ¬΄λ€μ—λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ΄λ‚˜ μ‹€μƒν™œμ— μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλ˜ 물건듀이 ν•¨κ»˜ λ¬»ν˜€μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
suggesting belief in an afterlife
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쑰상듀은 μ‚¬ν›„μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œλ„ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 물건듀이 ν•„μš”ν•  것이라고 λ―Ώμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
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01:52
Communal burials first appeared in North Africa and West Asia
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집단 맀μž₯은 뢁아프리카와 μ„œμ•„μ‹œμ•„μ—μ„œ
01:56
around 10 to 15,000 years ago,
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μ•½ 10,000-15,000λ…„ 전에 처음으둜 λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
01:59
around the same time as the first permanent settlements in these areas.
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ‹œκΈ°μ— 인λ₯˜λŠ” 이 μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ 졜초의 μ •μ°© μƒν™œμ„ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
These burial grounds created permanent places to commemorate the dead.
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이 λ¬˜μ§€λ“€μ€ 죽은 이듀을 κΈ°λ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 정해진 μž₯μ†Œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
The nomadic Scythians littered the steppes
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μŠ€ν‚€νƒ€μ΄μΈλ“€μ€ μΏ λ₯΄κ°„이라고 μ•Œλ €μ§„ λ¬΄λ€λ“€λ‘œ μ΄ˆμ›μ„ μ±„μ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
with grave mounds known as kurgans.
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02:15
The Etruscans built expansive necropoles,
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μ—νŠΈλ£¨λ¦¬μ•„μΈλ“€μ€ 격자무늬둜 λ‚΄λΆ€λ₯Ό λ§λŒ„
02:18
their grid-patterned streets lined with tombs.
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κ΄‘ν™œν•œ λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨ κ³΅λ™λ¬˜μ§€λ₯Ό μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
In Rome, subterranean catacombs housed
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둜마의 μ§€ν•˜λ¬˜μ§€μΈ μΉ΄νƒ€μ½€μ—λŠ”
ν™”μž₯ν•œ 항아리와 μ˜¨μ „ν•œ 유골이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
both cremation urns and intact remains.
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02:28
The word cemetery, or β€œsleeping chamber,”
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"수면의 λ°©"μ΄λΌλŠ” 어원을 가진 λ¬˜μ§€λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ”
02:32
was first used by ancient Greeks,
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κ³ λŒ€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ 처음으둜 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
02:35
who built tombs in graveyards
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그듀은 λ„μ‹œ 외곽에 λ¬˜μ§€λ₯Ό μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
at the edges of their cities.
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02:39
In medieval European cities,
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쀑세 유럽 λ„μ‹œμ—μ„œλŠ”
02:41
Christian churchyards provided rare, open spaces
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ꡐ회 뢀지 일뢀가
죽은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μˆ˜μš©ν•˜λŠ” ν¬κ·€ν•˜κ³  개방적인 μž₯μ†Œμ˜€μ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:44
that accommodated the dead,
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02:45
but also hosted markets, fairs, and other events.
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μ‹œμž₯, μΆ•μ œ λ“± λ‹€λ₯Έ 행사가 μ—΄λ¦¬λŠ” 곳이기도 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
Farmers even grazed cattle in them,
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심지어 농뢀듀은 μ†Œλ“€μ΄ λ¬˜μ§€μ˜ 풀을 먹으면
02:51
believing graveyard grass made for sweeter milk.
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μš°μœ κ°€ 더 λ‹¬μ•„μ§ˆ 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•΄μ„œ λ¬˜μ§€μ— λ°©λͺ©ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
As cities grew during the industrial revolution,
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μ‚°μ—… 혁λͺ…μœΌλ‘œ λ„μ‹œκ°€ μ„±μž₯ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ,
02:58
large suburban cemeteries replaced smaller urban churchyards.
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넓은 κ΅μ™Έμ˜ λ¬˜μ§€λ“€μ΄ λ„μ‹œ λ‚΄μ˜ μž‘μ€ ꡐ회 λ¬˜μ§€λ“€μ„ λŒ€μ‹ ν•΄λ‚˜κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
Cemeteries like the 110-acre Père-Lachaise in Paris
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νŒŒλ¦¬μ— μžˆλŠ” 110μ—μ΄μ»€μ˜ 페λ₯΄ λΌμ…°μ¦ˆ λ¬˜μ§€λ‚˜
03:07
or the 72-acre Mt. Auburn in Cambridge, Massachusetts
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λ§€μ‚¬μΆ”μ„ΈμΈ μ£Όμ˜ μΌ€μž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€μ— μžˆλŠ” 72μ—μ΄μ»€μ˜ 였번 μ‚°κ³Ό 같은 λ¬˜μ§€λ“€μ€
03:12
were lushly landscaped gardens
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ν’μ„±ν•˜κ²Œ 꾸며진 μ •μ›μ΄μ—ˆκ³ 
03:14
filled with sculpted stones
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이곳은 쑰각상과
03:16
and ornate tombs.
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ν™”λ €ν•œ 무덀으둜 가득 μ°¨ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
Once a luxury reserved for the rich and powerful,
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ν˜Έν™” 무덀을 λΆ€μžλ“€κ³Ό 귀쑱듀이 λ¨Όμ € μ°¨μ§€ν•˜κ³  λ‚œ 뒀에야
03:22
individually marked graves
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개인 무덀이 쀑산측과 λ…Έλ™μž κ³„κΈ‰μ—κ²Œ λΆ„λ°°λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
became available to the middle and working classes.
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03:27
People visited cemeteries for funerals,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μž₯둀식을 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ¬˜μ§€λ₯Ό λ°©λ¬Έν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
03:30
but also for anniversaries, holidays,
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κΈ°λ…μΌμ΄λ‚˜, 휴일
03:32
or simply an afternoon outdoors.
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λ˜λŠ” μ˜€ν›„ μ‚°μ±…μœΌλ‘œλ„ λ¬˜μ§€λ₯Ό λ°©λ¬Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
By the late 19th century, as more public parks and botanical gardens appeared,
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19μ„ΈκΈ° ν›„λ°˜μ— 곡원과 정원이 λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ
03:41
cemeteries began to lose visitors.
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λ¬˜μ§€μ—λŠ” 방문객듀이 λœΈν•΄μ§€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
Today, many old cemeteries are lonely places.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , λ§Žμ€ λ¬˜μ§€λ“€μ€ μ“Έμ“Έν•œ μž₯μ†Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
Some are luring visitors back with tours,
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ λ¬˜μ§€λ“€μ€ κ΄€κ΄‘μ΄λ‚˜
03:50
concerts, and other attractions.
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μ½˜μ„œνŠΈ λ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΅¬κ²½κ±°λ¦¬λ“€λ‘œ 방문객이 μ°Ύμ•„μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
But even as we revive old cemeteries,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ¬˜μ§€μ˜ ν™œκΈ°λ₯Ό 되찾게 ν•˜λŠ” 와쀑에도
03:54
we’re rethinking the future of burial.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μž₯λ‘€μ˜ μ•žλ‚ μ„ λ‹€μ‹œ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
Cities like London, New York, and Hong Kong
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런던, λ‰΄μš•, 홍콩과 같은 λ„μ‹œλ“€μ€
04:00
are running out of burial space.
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이미 λ§Žμ€ 맀μž₯μ§€λ“€λ‘œ μ°¨ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
Even in places where space isn’t so tight,
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무덀으둜 가득 μ°¨ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλ”λΌλ„
04:05
cemeteries permanently occupy land
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λ¬˜μ§€λ“€μ€ 땅이 κ²½μž‘λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ„둝
04:07
that can’t be otherwise cultivated or developed.
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영ꡬ적으둜 땅을 μ°¨μ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
Traditional burial consumes materials
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전톡적인 맀μž₯은
μ² , 돌, μ½˜ν¬λ¦¬νŠΈμ™€ 같은 μž¬λ£Œλ“€μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³ 
04:13
like metal, stone, and concrete,
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04:16
and can pollute soil and groundwater
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μœ λ…λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ λ•…κ³Ό μ§€ν•˜μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ˜€μ—Όμ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
with toxic chemicals.
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04:21
With increasing awareness of the environmental costs,
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ν™˜κ²½ λΉ„μš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ 인식이 μ¦κ°€ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ,
04:23
people are seeking alternatives.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λŒ€μ•ˆμ„ 찾게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
Many are turning to cremation and related practices.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ ν™”μž₯μ΄λ‚˜ κ΄€λ ¨λœ κ΄€ν–‰μœΌλ‘œ λ°”λ€Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
Along with these more conventional practices,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 더 전톡적인 관행에 외에도,
04:31
people can now have their remains shot into space,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μœ ν•΄λ₯Ό 우주둜 λ‚ λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜,
04:34
used to fertilize a tree,
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λΉ„λ£Œλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜,
04:36
or made into jewelry,
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μž₯μ‹ κ΅¬λ‚˜
04:38
fireworks,
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ν­μ£½μ΄λ‚˜
04:39
and even tattoo ink.
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μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” νƒ€νˆ¬ μž‰ν¬λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
In the future, options like these may replace burial completely.
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λ―Έλž˜μ—λŠ”, 이런 관행듀이 맀μž₯을 μ™„μ „νžˆ λŒ€μ²΄ν• μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
Cemeteries may be our most familiar monuments to the departed,
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ν˜„μž¬μ—λŠ” λ¬˜μ§€κ°€ 고인에 λŒ€ν•œ κ°€μž₯ μ΅μˆ™ν•œ κΈ°λ…λ¬Όμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
04:50
but they’re just one step
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이것은 죽은 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜κ³  μ• λ„ν•˜λŠ”
04:52
in our ever-evolving process
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우리의 λŠμž„μ—†λŠ” λ°œμ „ κ³Όμ •μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜μΌ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
of remembering and honoring the dead.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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