How CRISPR lets you edit DNA - Andrea M. Henle

1,513,881 views ใƒป 2019-01-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
From the smallest single-celled organism
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ืžื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“ ืชืื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:09
to the largest creatures on earth,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:11
every living thing is defined by its genes.
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ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
00:14
The DNA contained in our genes acts like an instruction manual for our cells.
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ื” DNA ืฉืžื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:20
Four building blocks called bases are strung together in precise sequences,
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ืืจื‘ืข ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
00:24
which tell the cell how to behave
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœืชื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’
00:26
and form the basis for our every trait.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:30
But with recent advancements in gene editing tools,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื’ื ื™ื,
00:33
scientists can change an organismโ€™s fundamental features in record time.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:37
They can engineer drought-resistant crops
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื“ืก ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจืช
00:40
and create apples that donโ€™t brown.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืžื™ื.
00:43
They might even prevent the spread of infectious outbreaks
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
00:46
and develop cures for genetic diseases.
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ื•ืœืคืชื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
00:49
CRISPR is the fastest, easiest, and cheapest of the gene editing tools
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CRISPR ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืงืœ ื•ื–ื•ืœ
00:53
responsible for this new wave of science.
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœื’ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื“ืข.
00:56
But where did this medical marvel come from?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืคืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข?
00:59
How does it work?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“?
01:00
And what can it do?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
01:02
Surprisingly, CRISPR is actually a natural process
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, CRISPR ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™
01:06
thatโ€™s long functioned as a bacterial immune system.
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ืฉืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืช.
01:10
Originally found defending single-celled bacteria and archaea
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืชื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืช
01:14
against invading viruses,
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ื ื’ื“ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
01:16
naturally occurring CRISPR uses two main components.
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CRISPR ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
01:20
The first are short snippets of repetitive DNA sequences
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฆืฃ DNA ื—ื•ื–ืจ
01:24
called โ€œclustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,โ€
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ืฉื ืงืจื "ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ",
01:30
or simply, CRISPRs.
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ืื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, CRISPR.
01:32
The second are Cas,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื Cas,
01:33
or โ€œCRISPR-associatedโ€ proteins
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ืื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœ CRISPR
01:36
which chop up DNA like molecular scissors.
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ืฉื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื” DNA ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
01:40
When a virus invades a bacterium,
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ื›ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”,
01:42
Cas proteins cut out a segment of the viral DNA
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ Cas ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืžืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ื” DNA ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™
01:46
to stitch into the bacteriumโ€™s CRISPR region,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื” CRISPR ื‘ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”,
01:49
capturing a chemical snapshot of the infection.
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ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
01:53
Those viral codes are then copied into short pieces of RNA.
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ื”ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ืขืชืงื™ื ืื– ืœืคื™ืกื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ RNA.
01:58
This molecule plays many roles in our cells,
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืžืœืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:01
but in the case of CRISPR,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ CRISPR,
02:02
RNA binds to a special protein called Cas9.
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RNA ื ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ืงืจื Cas9.
02:07
The resulting complexes act like scouts,
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ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ืฉืฉื™ื,
02:10
latching onto free-floating genetic material
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ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžืจื—ืฃ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
02:13
and searching for a match to the virus.
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ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
02:16
If the virus invades again, the scout complex recognizes it immediately,
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ืื ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืœืฉ ืฉื•ื‘, ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื’ืฉืฉ ืžื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช,
02:20
and Cas9 swiftly destroys the viral DNA.
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ื• Cas9 ืžืฉืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื” DNA ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™.
02:24
Lots of bacteria have this type of defense mechanism.
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื”.
02:27
But in 2012, scientists figured out how to hijack CRISPR
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 2012, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช CRISPR
02:32
to target not just viral DNA,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืœื ืจืง DNA ื•ื™ืจืืœื™,
02:34
but any DNA in almost any organism.
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ืืœื ื›ืœ DNA ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื.
02:38
With the right tools,
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ืขื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
02:40
this viral immune system becomes a precise gene-editing tool,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
02:44
which can alter DNA and change specific genes
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช DNA ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื
02:47
almost as easily as fixing a typo.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘.
02:51
Hereโ€™s how it works in the lab:
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”:
02:52
scientists design a โ€œguideโ€ RNA to match the gene they want to edit,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื RNA "ืžื ื—ื”" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื’ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš,
02:57
and attach it to Cas9.
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ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœ Cas9.
02:59
Like the viral RNA in the CRISPR immune system,
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ื›ืžื• ื” RNA ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ CRISPR,
03:03
the guide RNA directs Cas9 to the target gene,
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ื” RNA ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืžืคื ื” ืืช Cas9 ืœื’ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”,
03:07
and the proteinโ€™s molecular scissors snip the DNA.
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ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื” DNA.
03:11
This is the key to CRISPRโ€™s power:
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ CRISPR:
03:13
just by injecting Cas9 bound to a short piece of custom guide RNA
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ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจืงืช Cas9 ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื™ืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ RNA ืžื ื—ื” ืžื•ืชืื
03:19
scientists can edit practically any gene in the genome.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœ ื’ืŸ ื‘ื’ื ื•ื.
03:23
Once the DNA is cut,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื” DNA ื ื—ืชืš,
03:25
the cell will try to repair it.
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ื”ืชื ื™ื ืกื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
03:27
Typically, proteins called nucleases
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ืงืœืื–
03:29
trim the broken ends and join them back together.
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ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ื™ื—ื“.
03:32
But this type of repair process,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ,
03:34
called nonhomologous end joining,
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื ื™,
03:37
is prone to mistakes
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ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
03:38
and can lead to extra or missing bases.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื•ื—ืžืฅ ืื• ื ื•ืกืฃ.
03:41
The resulting gene is often unusable and turned off.
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ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ืฉืžื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื™.
03:45
However, if scientists add a separate sequence of template DNA
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืจืฆืคื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ DNA ืชื‘ื ื™ืชื™
03:50
to their CRISPR cocktail,
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ืœืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื” CRISPR ืฉืœื”ื,
03:52
cellular proteins can perform a different DNA repair process,
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืชืื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ DNA ืื—ืจ,
03:56
called homology directed repair.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื ื™ ืžื•ื ื—ื”.
03:58
This template DNA is used as a blueprint to guide the rebuilding process,
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ื” DNA ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
04:03
repairing a defective gene
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ื•ืžืชืงืŸ ื’ืŸ ืชืงื•ืœ
04:04
or even inserting a completely new one.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื—ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:08
The ability to fix DNA errors
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืงืŸ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช DNA
04:10
means that CRISPR could potentially create new treatments for diseases
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ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉ CRISPR ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช
04:14
linked to specific genetic errors, like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.
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ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ืื• ืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช.
04:19
And since itโ€™s not limited to humans,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
04:20
the applications are almost endless.
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ื”ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื.
04:23
CRISPR could create plants that yield larger fruit,
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CRISPR ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:27
mosquitoes that canโ€™t transmit malaria,
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ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืœืจื™ื”,
04:30
or even reprogram drug-resistant cancer cells.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืชื›ื ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
04:33
Itโ€™s also a powerful tool for studying the genome,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ื–ืง ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ื,
04:36
allowing scientists to watch what happens when genes are turned off
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉื’ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื™ื
04:39
or changed within an organism.
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ืื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื.
04:42
CRISPR isnโ€™t perfect yet.
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CRISPR ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื.
04:44
It doesnโ€™t always make just the intended changes,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื,
04:47
and since itโ€™s difficult to predict the long-term implications of a CRISPR edit,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช CRISPR ,
04:52
this technology raises big ethical questions.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
04:55
Itโ€™s up to us to decide the best course forward
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”
04:58
as CRISPR leaves single-celled organisms behind
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ื›ืฉ CRISPR ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ
05:01
and heads into labs, farms, hospitals,
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ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
05:06
and organisms around the world.
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ื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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