How CRISPR lets you edit DNA - Andrea M. Henle

1,514,778 views ・ 2019-01-24

TED-Ed


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Irma Komljenović Recezent: Sanda L
00:06
From the smallest single-celled organism
0
6805
2550
Od najmanjeg jednostaničnog organizma
00:09
to the largest creatures on earth,
1
9355
1890
do najvećih bića na Zemlji,
00:11
every living thing is defined by its genes.
2
11245
3690
svako živo biće određeno je svojim genima.
00:14
The DNA contained in our genes acts like an instruction manual for our cells.
3
14935
5120
DNK u našim genima ponaša se kao uputa za naše stanice.
00:20
Four building blocks called bases are strung together in precise sequences,
4
20058
4740
Četiri građevne jedinice, baze, međusobno su povezane u precizne nizove
00:24
which tell the cell how to behave
5
24798
1960
koje kažu stanici kako će se ponašati
00:26
and form the basis for our every trait.
6
26758
3430
i stvaraju temelj svakog našeg svojstva.
00:30
But with recent advancements in gene editing tools,
7
30188
3000
Zbog nedavnih napredaka u načinima uređivanja gena,
00:33
scientists can change an organism’s fundamental features in record time.
8
33188
4810
znanstvenici mogu vrlo brzo promijeniti temeljna svojstva organizma.
00:37
They can engineer drought-resistant crops
9
37998
2908
Mogu stvoriti usjeve otporne na sušu
00:40
and create apples that don’t brown.
10
40906
2520
i jabuke koje ne smeđe.
00:43
They might even prevent the spread of infectious outbreaks
11
43426
3040
Mogu čak spriječiti širenje zaraznih epidemija
00:46
and develop cures for genetic diseases.
12
46466
3040
i razviti lijekove za genetske bolesti.
00:49
CRISPR is the fastest, easiest, and cheapest of the gene editing tools
13
49506
4220
CRISPR je najbrži, najlakši i najjeftiniji način uređivanja gena,
00:53
responsible for this new wave of science.
14
53726
3270
odgovoran za novi val znanosti.
00:56
But where did this medical marvel come from?
15
56996
2350
No otkud dolazi to čudo medicine?
00:59
How does it work?
16
59346
980
Kako funkcionira?
01:00
And what can it do?
17
60326
2350
I što može napraviti?
01:02
Surprisingly, CRISPR is actually a natural process
18
62676
4040
Iznenađujuće, CRISPR je zapravo prirodan proces
01:06
that’s long functioned as a bacterial immune system.
19
66716
3686
koji već dugo funkcionira kao imunosni sustav bakterija.
01:10
Originally found defending single-celled bacteria and archaea
20
70402
4190
Izvorno otkriven kao obrana jednostaničnih bakterija i arheja
01:14
against invading viruses,
21
74592
1920
od napadajućih virusa,
01:16
naturally occurring CRISPR uses two main components.
22
76512
4000
CRISPR koji se pojavljuje u prirodi koristi dvije glavne komponente.
01:20
The first are short snippets of repetitive DNA sequences
23
80512
4150
Prvu čine kratki isječci ponavljajućih sekvenci DNK
01:24
called “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,”
24
84662
5400
koji se zovu grupirane pravilno razmaknute kratke ponavljajuće palindromske sekvence,
01:30
or simply, CRISPRs.
25
90062
1990
ili samo CRISPR.
01:32
The second are Cas,
26
92052
1690
Druga je Cas,
01:33
or “CRISPR-associated” proteins
27
93742
2570
ili proteini povezani s CRISPR-om,
01:36
which chop up DNA like molecular scissors.
28
96312
3700
koji sjeckaju DNK poput molekularnih škara.
01:40
When a virus invades a bacterium,
29
100012
2610
Kad virus napadne bakteriju,
01:42
Cas proteins cut out a segment of the viral DNA
30
102622
3640
Cas proteini izrežu dio DNK virusa
01:46
to stitch into the bacterium’s CRISPR region,
31
106262
3310
i prišiju ga u CRISPR regiju bakterija,
01:49
capturing a chemical snapshot of the infection.
32
109572
3490
stvarajući kemijsku fotografiju infekcije.
01:53
Those viral codes are then copied into short pieces of RNA.
33
113062
5100
Ti virusni kodovi zatim su kopirani u kratke djeliće RNK.
01:58
This molecule plays many roles in our cells,
34
118162
3014
Ta molekula ima razne uloge u našim stanicama
02:01
but in the case of CRISPR,
35
121176
1630
no u slučaju CRISPR-a,
02:02
RNA binds to a special protein called Cas9.
36
122806
4300
RNK se veže za poseban protein, Cas9.
02:07
The resulting complexes act like scouts,
37
127106
3105
Rezultirajući kompleksi ponašaju se kao izviđači,
02:10
latching onto free-floating genetic material
38
130211
3220
hvatajući se za plutajući genetski materijal
02:13
and searching for a match to the virus.
39
133431
2630
i tražeći odgovarajući par virusu.
02:16
If the virus invades again, the scout complex recognizes it immediately,
40
136061
4500
Ako virus ponovno napadne, kompleks izviđača odmah ga prepozna
02:20
and Cas9 swiftly destroys the viral DNA.
41
140561
4182
i Cas9 brzo uništi virusnu DNK.
02:24
Lots of bacteria have this type of defense mechanism.
42
144743
3206
Puno bakterija ima ovu vrstu obrambenog mehanizma.
02:27
But in 2012, scientists figured out how to hijack CRISPR
43
147949
4760
No, 2012. godine, znanstvenici su otkrili kako preuzeti CRISPR
02:32
to target not just viral DNA,
44
152709
2290
da ne cilja samo na virusnu DNK,
02:34
but any DNA in almost any organism.
45
154999
3850
već bilo koju DNK bilo kojeg organizma.
02:38
With the right tools,
46
158849
1400
Uz pomoć pravih alata,
02:40
this viral immune system becomes a precise gene-editing tool,
47
160249
4290
ovaj virusni imunosni sustav postaje precizan način uređivanja gena
02:44
which can alter DNA and change specific genes
48
164539
3280
koji može izmijeniti DNK i promijeniti specifične gene,
02:47
almost as easily as fixing a typo.
49
167819
3320
lagano kao ispravljanje greške u pisanju.
02:51
Here’s how it works in the lab:
50
171139
1800
Evo kako funkcionira u laboratoriju:
02:52
scientists design a “guide” RNA to match the gene they want to edit,
51
172939
4750
znanstvenici dizajniraju RNK "vodič" koji je par genima koje treba urediti
02:57
and attach it to Cas9.
52
177689
2240
i pričvrste ga uz Cas9.
02:59
Like the viral RNA in the CRISPR immune system,
53
179929
3160
Poput virusne RNK u CRISPR imunosnom sustavu,
03:03
the guide RNA directs Cas9 to the target gene,
54
183089
3940
vodeća RNK usmjerava Cas9 na ciljani gen
03:07
and the protein’s molecular scissors snip the DNA.
55
187029
4000
i molekularne škare proteina odrežu DNK.
03:11
This is the key to CRISPR’s power:
56
191029
2530
To je ključ moći CRISPR-a:
03:13
just by injecting Cas9 bound to a short piece of custom guide RNA
57
193559
5590
samo ubrizgavanjem Cas9 vezanog za kratki djelić prilagođene vodeće RNK,
03:19
scientists can edit practically any gene in the genome.
58
199149
4244
znanstvenici mogu urediti gotovo svaki gen u genomu.
03:23
Once the DNA is cut,
59
203393
1677
Kada je DNK izrezan,
03:25
the cell will try to repair it.
60
205070
1960
stanica će ga pokušati popraviti.
03:27
Typically, proteins called nucleases
61
207030
2410
Obično proteini zvani nukleaze
03:29
trim the broken ends and join them back together.
62
209440
3500
podrežu slomljene krajeve i ponovno ih spoje.
03:32
But this type of repair process,
63
212940
1690
No taj proces popravljanja
03:34
called nonhomologous end joining,
64
214630
2420
koji se zove nehomologno spajanje krajeva,
03:37
is prone to mistakes
65
217050
1280
sklon je greškama
03:38
and can lead to extra or missing bases.
66
218330
3340
i može voditi višku ili manjku baza.
03:41
The resulting gene is often unusable and turned off.
67
221670
4160
Rezultirajući gen često je neiskoristiv i isključen.
03:45
However, if scientists add a separate sequence of template DNA
68
225830
4572
Unatoč tome, ako znanstvenici dodaju zasebnu sekvencu primjerka DNK
03:50
to their CRISPR cocktail,
69
230402
1670
u svoj CRISPR koktel,
03:52
cellular proteins can perform a different DNA repair process,
70
232072
4210
stanični proteini mogu izvesti drukčiji proces popravka DNK
03:56
called homology directed repair.
71
236282
2580
koji se zove homologno usmjereni popravak.
03:58
This template DNA is used as a blueprint to guide the rebuilding process,
72
238862
4470
Taj primjerak DNK koristi se kao nacrt koji vodi proces izgradnje,
04:03
repairing a defective gene
73
243332
1639
popravljajući neispravan gen
04:04
or even inserting a completely new one.
74
244971
3470
ili čak umećući potpuno nov gen.
04:08
The ability to fix DNA errors
75
248441
2085
Sposobnost da popravi greške u DNK
04:10
means that CRISPR could potentially create new treatments for diseases
76
250526
3860
znači da CRISPR ima potencijal stvoriti nove terapije za bolesti
04:14
linked to specific genetic errors, like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.
77
254386
4790
povezane sa specifičnim greškama u genima poput cistične fibroze ili srpaste anemije.
04:19
And since it’s not limited to humans,
78
259176
1780
Budući da nije ograničeno na ljude,
04:20
the applications are almost endless.
79
260956
2940
primjene su gotovo beskrajne.
04:23
CRISPR could create plants that yield larger fruit,
80
263896
3530
CRISPR bi mogao stvoriti biljke koje daju veći plod,
04:27
mosquitoes that can’t transmit malaria,
81
267426
2660
komarce koji ne prenose malariju
04:30
or even reprogram drug-resistant cancer cells.
82
270086
3528
ili čak reprogramirati stanice raka otporne na lijekove.
04:33
It’s also a powerful tool for studying the genome,
83
273614
2780
Također je moćan alat za proučavanje genoma
04:36
allowing scientists to watch what happens when genes are turned off
84
276394
3310
jer dopušta znanstvenicima da promatraju što se događa kad su geni isključeni
04:39
or changed within an organism.
85
279704
2500
ili promijenjeni unutar organizma.
04:42
CRISPR isn’t perfect yet.
86
282204
1900
CRISPR još nije savršen.
04:44
It doesn’t always make just the intended changes,
87
284104
3470
Ne čini uvijek ciljane promjene
04:47
and since it’s difficult to predict the long-term implications of a CRISPR edit,
88
287574
4510
i budući da je teško predvidjeti dugotrajne posljedice uređivanja CRISPR-om,
04:52
this technology raises big ethical questions.
89
292084
3605
ova tehnologija postavlja velika etička pitanja.
04:55
It’s up to us to decide the best course forward
90
295689
2670
Na nama je da odlučimo najbolji put naprijed,
04:58
as CRISPR leaves single-celled organisms behind
91
298359
3480
dok CRISPR za sobom ostavlja jednostanične organizme
05:01
and heads into labs, farms, hospitals,
92
301839
4270
i prelazi u laboratorije, na farme, u bolnice
05:06
and organisms around the world.
93
306109
3078
i organizme po cijelome svijetu.
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7