How CRISPR lets you edit DNA - Andrea M. Henle

1,485,359 views ・ 2019-01-24

TED-Ed


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Prevoditelj: Irma Komljenović Recezent: Sanda L
00:06
From the smallest single-celled organism
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Od najmanjeg jednostaničnog organizma
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to the largest creatures on earth,
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do najvećih bića na Zemlji,
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every living thing is defined by its genes.
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svako živo biće određeno je svojim genima.
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The DNA contained in our genes acts like an instruction manual for our cells.
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DNK u našim genima ponaša se kao uputa za naše stanice.
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Four building blocks called bases are strung together in precise sequences,
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Četiri građevne jedinice, baze, međusobno su povezane u precizne nizove
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which tell the cell how to behave
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koje kažu stanici kako će se ponašati
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and form the basis for our every trait.
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i stvaraju temelj svakog našeg svojstva.
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But with recent advancements in gene editing tools,
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Zbog nedavnih napredaka u načinima uređivanja gena,
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scientists can change an organism’s fundamental features in record time.
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znanstvenici mogu vrlo brzo promijeniti temeljna svojstva organizma.
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They can engineer drought-resistant crops
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Mogu stvoriti usjeve otporne na sušu
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and create apples that don’t brown.
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i jabuke koje ne smeđe.
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They might even prevent the spread of infectious outbreaks
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Mogu čak spriječiti širenje zaraznih epidemija
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and develop cures for genetic diseases.
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i razviti lijekove za genetske bolesti.
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CRISPR is the fastest, easiest, and cheapest of the gene editing tools
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CRISPR je najbrži, najlakši i najjeftiniji način uređivanja gena,
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responsible for this new wave of science.
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odgovoran za novi val znanosti.
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But where did this medical marvel come from?
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No otkud dolazi to čudo medicine?
00:59
How does it work?
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Kako funkcionira?
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And what can it do?
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I što može napraviti?
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Surprisingly, CRISPR is actually a natural process
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Iznenađujuće, CRISPR je zapravo prirodan proces
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that’s long functioned as a bacterial immune system.
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koji već dugo funkcionira kao imunosni sustav bakterija.
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Originally found defending single-celled bacteria and archaea
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Izvorno otkriven kao obrana jednostaničnih bakterija i arheja
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against invading viruses,
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od napadajućih virusa,
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naturally occurring CRISPR uses two main components.
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CRISPR koji se pojavljuje u prirodi koristi dvije glavne komponente.
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The first are short snippets of repetitive DNA sequences
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Prvu čine kratki isječci ponavljajućih sekvenci DNK
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called “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,”
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koji se zovu grupirane pravilno razmaknute kratke ponavljajuće palindromske sekvence,
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or simply, CRISPRs.
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ili samo CRISPR.
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The second are Cas,
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Druga je Cas,
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or “CRISPR-associated” proteins
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ili proteini povezani s CRISPR-om,
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which chop up DNA like molecular scissors.
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koji sjeckaju DNK poput molekularnih škara.
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When a virus invades a bacterium,
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Kad virus napadne bakteriju,
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Cas proteins cut out a segment of the viral DNA
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Cas proteini izrežu dio DNK virusa
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to stitch into the bacterium’s CRISPR region,
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i prišiju ga u CRISPR regiju bakterija,
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capturing a chemical snapshot of the infection.
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stvarajući kemijsku fotografiju infekcije.
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Those viral codes are then copied into short pieces of RNA.
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Ti virusni kodovi zatim su kopirani u kratke djeliće RNK.
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This molecule plays many roles in our cells,
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Ta molekula ima razne uloge u našim stanicama
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but in the case of CRISPR,
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no u slučaju CRISPR-a,
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RNA binds to a special protein called Cas9.
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RNK se veže za poseban protein, Cas9.
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The resulting complexes act like scouts,
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Rezultirajući kompleksi ponašaju se kao izviđači,
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latching onto free-floating genetic material
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hvatajući se za plutajući genetski materijal
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and searching for a match to the virus.
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i tražeći odgovarajući par virusu.
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If the virus invades again, the scout complex recognizes it immediately,
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Ako virus ponovno napadne, kompleks izviđača odmah ga prepozna
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and Cas9 swiftly destroys the viral DNA.
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i Cas9 brzo uništi virusnu DNK.
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Lots of bacteria have this type of defense mechanism.
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Puno bakterija ima ovu vrstu obrambenog mehanizma.
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But in 2012, scientists figured out how to hijack CRISPR
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No, 2012. godine, znanstvenici su otkrili kako preuzeti CRISPR
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to target not just viral DNA,
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da ne cilja samo na virusnu DNK,
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but any DNA in almost any organism.
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već bilo koju DNK bilo kojeg organizma.
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With the right tools,
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Uz pomoć pravih alata,
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this viral immune system becomes a precise gene-editing tool,
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ovaj virusni imunosni sustav postaje precizan način uređivanja gena
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which can alter DNA and change specific genes
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koji može izmijeniti DNK i promijeniti specifične gene,
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almost as easily as fixing a typo.
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lagano kao ispravljanje greške u pisanju.
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Here’s how it works in the lab:
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Evo kako funkcionira u laboratoriju:
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scientists design a “guide” RNA to match the gene they want to edit,
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znanstvenici dizajniraju RNK "vodič" koji je par genima koje treba urediti
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and attach it to Cas9.
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i pričvrste ga uz Cas9.
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Like the viral RNA in the CRISPR immune system,
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Poput virusne RNK u CRISPR imunosnom sustavu,
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the guide RNA directs Cas9 to the target gene,
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vodeća RNK usmjerava Cas9 na ciljani gen
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and the protein’s molecular scissors snip the DNA.
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i molekularne škare proteina odrežu DNK.
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This is the key to CRISPR’s power:
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To je ključ moći CRISPR-a:
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just by injecting Cas9 bound to a short piece of custom guide RNA
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samo ubrizgavanjem Cas9 vezanog za kratki djelić prilagođene vodeće RNK,
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scientists can edit practically any gene in the genome.
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znanstvenici mogu urediti gotovo svaki gen u genomu.
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Once the DNA is cut,
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Kada je DNK izrezan,
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the cell will try to repair it.
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stanica će ga pokušati popraviti.
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Typically, proteins called nucleases
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Obično proteini zvani nukleaze
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trim the broken ends and join them back together.
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podrežu slomljene krajeve i ponovno ih spoje.
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But this type of repair process,
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No taj proces popravljanja
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called nonhomologous end joining,
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koji se zove nehomologno spajanje krajeva,
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is prone to mistakes
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sklon je greškama
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and can lead to extra or missing bases.
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i može voditi višku ili manjku baza.
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The resulting gene is often unusable and turned off.
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Rezultirajući gen često je neiskoristiv i isključen.
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However, if scientists add a separate sequence of template DNA
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Unatoč tome, ako znanstvenici dodaju zasebnu sekvencu primjerka DNK
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to their CRISPR cocktail,
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u svoj CRISPR koktel,
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cellular proteins can perform a different DNA repair process,
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stanični proteini mogu izvesti drukčiji proces popravka DNK
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called homology directed repair.
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koji se zove homologno usmjereni popravak.
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This template DNA is used as a blueprint to guide the rebuilding process,
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Taj primjerak DNK koristi se kao nacrt koji vodi proces izgradnje,
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repairing a defective gene
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popravljajući neispravan gen
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or even inserting a completely new one.
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ili čak umećući potpuno nov gen.
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The ability to fix DNA errors
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Sposobnost da popravi greške u DNK
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means that CRISPR could potentially create new treatments for diseases
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znači da CRISPR ima potencijal stvoriti nove terapije za bolesti
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linked to specific genetic errors, like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.
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povezane sa specifičnim greškama u genima poput cistične fibroze ili srpaste anemije.
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And since it’s not limited to humans,
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Budući da nije ograničeno na ljude,
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the applications are almost endless.
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primjene su gotovo beskrajne.
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CRISPR could create plants that yield larger fruit,
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CRISPR bi mogao stvoriti biljke koje daju veći plod,
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mosquitoes that can’t transmit malaria,
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komarce koji ne prenose malariju
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or even reprogram drug-resistant cancer cells.
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ili čak reprogramirati stanice raka otporne na lijekove.
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It’s also a powerful tool for studying the genome,
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Također je moćan alat za proučavanje genoma
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allowing scientists to watch what happens when genes are turned off
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jer dopušta znanstvenicima da promatraju što se događa kad su geni isključeni
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or changed within an organism.
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ili promijenjeni unutar organizma.
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CRISPR isn’t perfect yet.
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CRISPR još nije savršen.
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It doesn’t always make just the intended changes,
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Ne čini uvijek ciljane promjene
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and since it’s difficult to predict the long-term implications of a CRISPR edit,
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i budući da je teško predvidjeti dugotrajne posljedice uređivanja CRISPR-om,
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this technology raises big ethical questions.
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ova tehnologija postavlja velika etička pitanja.
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It’s up to us to decide the best course forward
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Na nama je da odlučimo najbolji put naprijed,
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as CRISPR leaves single-celled organisms behind
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dok CRISPR za sobom ostavlja jednostanične organizme
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and heads into labs, farms, hospitals,
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i prelazi u laboratorije, na farme, u bolnice
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and organisms around the world.
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i organizme po cijelome svijetu.
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