How CRISPR lets you edit DNA - Andrea M. Henle

1,365,075 views ใƒป 2019-01-24

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seungmee Yun ๊ฒ€ํ† : Minjeong Lee
00:06
From the smallest single-celled organism
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
00:09
to the largest creatures on earth,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
00:11
every living thing is defined by its genes.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •์˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
The DNA contained in our genes acts like an instruction manual for our cells.
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์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ๋Š” DNA๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์„ค๋ช…์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
Four building blocks called bases are strung together in precise sequences,
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์—ผ๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฟฐ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
00:24
which tell the cell how to behave
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
00:26
and form the basis for our every trait.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
But with recent advancements in gene editing tools,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด๋กœ
00:33
scientists can change an organismโ€™s fundamental features in record time.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ตœ๋‹จ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
They can engineer drought-resistant crops
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๊ฐ€๋ญ„์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ 
00:40
and create apples that donโ€™t brown.
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๊ฐˆ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
They might even prevent the spread of infectious outbreaks
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์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ง‰๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:46
and develop cures for genetic diseases.
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์œ ์ „๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
CRISPR is the fastest, easiest, and cheapest of the gene editing tools
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋„๊ตฌ ์ค‘์—
00:53
responsible for this new wave of science.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ , ์‰ฝ๊ณ , ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์Œ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
But where did this medical marvel come from?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์˜ํ•™์  ๊ฒฝ์˜๋Š” ์–ด๋””์„œ ์™”์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:59
How does it work?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:00
And what can it do?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:02
Surprisingly, CRISPR is actually a natural process
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ
01:06
thatโ€™s long functioned as a bacterial immune system.
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์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•ด ์˜จ ์ž์—ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
Originally found defending single-celled bacteria and archaea
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์›๋ž˜ ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ ์„ธ๊ท  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์นจ์ž…์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•  ๋•Œ
๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ž์—ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์—๋Š”
01:14
against invading viruses,
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01:16
naturally occurring CRISPR uses two main components.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
The first are short snippets of repetitive DNA sequences
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์งง์€ DNA ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์„œ์—ด๋กœ
01:24
called โ€œclustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,โ€
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"๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์งง์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์„œ์—ด ๋‹ค๋ฐœ,"
๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
or simply, CRISPRs.
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01:32
The second are Cas,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” Cas์ธ๋ฐ
01:33
or โ€œCRISPR-associatedโ€ proteins
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"ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๊ด€๋ จ" ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ
01:36
which chop up DNA like molecular scissors.
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์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฐ€์œ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ DNA๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
When a virus invades a bacterium,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ท ์— ์นจ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด
01:42
Cas proteins cut out a segment of the viral DNA
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Cas ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ DNA ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๊ณ 
01:46
to stitch into the bacteriumโ€™s CRISPR region,
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์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ
01:49
capturing a chemical snapshot of the infection.
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๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:53
Those viral codes are then copied into short pieces of RNA.
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์งง์€ RNA ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
This molecule plays many roles in our cells,
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์ด ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:01
but in the case of CRISPR,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
02:02
RNA binds to a special protein called Cas9.
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RNA๊ฐ€ Cas9๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋ฌถ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
The resulting complexes act like scouts,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์ •์ฐฐ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:10
latching onto free-floating genetic material
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™์–ด
02:13
and searching for a match to the virus.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
If the virus invades again, the scout complex recognizes it immediately,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์นฉ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •์ฐฐ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:20
and Cas9 swiftly destroys the viral DNA.
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Cas9๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
Lots of bacteria have this type of defense mechanism.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
But in 2012, scientists figured out how to hijack CRISPR
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 2012๋…„์— ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
02:32
to target not just viral DNA,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ DNA ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:34
but any DNA in almost any organism.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
With the right tools,
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
02:40
this viral immune system becomes a precise gene-editing tool,
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๋ณธ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด
02:44
which can alter DNA and change specific genes
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์˜คํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
02:47
almost as easily as fixing a typo.
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ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
Hereโ€™s how it works in the lab:
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ฃ .
02:52
scientists design a โ€œguideโ€ RNA to match the gene they want to edit,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋งž์ถฐ "์ง€ํ‘œ" RNA๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:57
and attach it to Cas9.
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์ด๋ฅผ Cas9์— ๋ถ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
Like the viral RNA in the CRISPR immune system,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค RNA์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:03
the guide RNA directs Cas9 to the target gene,
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์ด ์ง€ํ‘œ RNA์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Cas9์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ 
03:07
and the proteinโ€™s molecular scissors snip the DNA.
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฐ€์œ„๊ฐ€ DNA๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
This is the key to CRISPRโ€™s power:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
just by injecting Cas9 bound to a short piece of custom guide RNA
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๋งž์ถค ์ง€ํ‘œ RNA ํ† ๋ง‰์— ๋ถ™์ธ Cas9์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:19
scientists can edit practically any gene in the genome.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์œ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ์ „์ž๋ผ๋„ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Once the DNA is cut,
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์ผ๋‹จ DNA๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
03:25
the cell will try to repair it.
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
Typically, proteins called nucleases
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๋ณดํ†ต ํ•ต์‚ฐ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด
03:29
trim the broken ends and join them back together.
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์ ˆ๋‹จ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
But this type of repair process,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์ƒ๋™์žฌ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
03:34
called nonhomologous end joining,
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03:37
is prone to mistakes
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์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
and can lead to extra or missing bases.
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03:41
The resulting gene is often unusable and turned off.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข… ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
However, if scientists add a separate sequence of template DNA
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ DNA ์„œ์—ด์„
03:50
to their CRISPR cocktail,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ œ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:52
cellular proteins can perform a different DNA repair process,
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์„ธํฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์ƒ๋™์œ ๋„์ˆ˜์„ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
03:56
called homology directed repair.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ DNA ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
This template DNA is used as a blueprint to guide the rebuilding process,
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์ด ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ DNA๋Š” ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€ํ‘œ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด
04:03
repairing a defective gene
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๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:04
or even inserting a completely new one.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
The ability to fix DNA errors
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DNA ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:10
means that CRISPR could potentially create new treatments for diseases
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋กœ ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ „์ž ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๋‚ญํฌ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒธ์ƒ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋นˆํ˜ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
04:14
linked to specific genetic errors, like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
And since itโ€™s not limited to humans,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ์—
04:20
the applications are almost endless.
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์‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ถ๋ฌด์ง„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
CRISPR could create plants that yield larger fruit,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ํฐ ๊ณผ์‹ค์„ ๋งบ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜
04:27
mosquitoes that canโ€™t transmit malaria,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ „์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„์žˆ๊ณ 
04:30
or even reprogram drug-resistant cancer cells.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ๋“ฃ์ง€์•Š๋Š” ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์งค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
Itโ€™s also a powerful tool for studying the genome,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ด์„œ
04:36
allowing scientists to watch what happens when genes are turned off
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋์„ ๋•Œ
04:39
or changed within an organism.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
CRISPR isnโ€™t perfect yet.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
It doesnโ€™t always make just the intended changes,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜๋„๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
04:47
and since itโ€™s difficult to predict the long-term implications of a CRISPR edit,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ ํŽธ์ง‘์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:52
this technology raises big ethical questions.
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๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
Itโ€™s up to us to decide the best course forward
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ง„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
as CRISPR leaves single-celled organisms behind
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋กœํ•˜๊ณ 
05:01
and heads into labs, farms, hospitals,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค, ๋†์žฅ, ๋ณ‘์›,
05:06
and organisms around the world.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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