A brief history of the devil - Brian A. Pavlac

1,641,399 views ใƒป 2021-03-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
Satan, the beast crunching sinnersโ€™ bones in his subterranean lair.
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ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ, ื”ื—ื™ื” ืฉืžืจืกืงืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ืจื” ื”ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
00:12
Lucifer, the fallen angel raging against the established order.
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ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ, ื”ืžืœืืš ืฉื ืคืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื.
00:17
Mephistopheles, the trickster striking deals with unsuspecting humans.
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ืžืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืœืก, ื”ืชืขืœื•ืœืŸ ืฉืกื•ื’ืจ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ืžื™ื.
00:24
These three divergent devils are all based on Satan of the Old Testament,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”,
00:30
an angelic member of Godโ€™s court who torments Job in the Book of Job.
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ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขื ื” ืืช ืื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื™ื•ื‘.
00:35
But unlike any of these literary devils,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื,
00:38
the Satan of the Bible was a relatively minor character,
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ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื โ€œืš ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
00:43
with scant information about his deeds or appearance.
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ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืขื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื•.
00:47
So how did he become the ultimate antagonist, with so many different forms?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช?
00:53
In the New Testament, Satan saw a little more action:
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืืงืฉืŸ:
00:58
tempting Jesus, using demons to possess people,
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ืคื™ืชื” ืืช ื™ืฉื•, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
01:01
and finally appearing as a giant dragon who is cast into hell.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ืฉืžื•ืฉืœืš ืœื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื.
01:07
This last image particularly inspired medieval artists and writers,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืชื ื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืืžื ื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
01:13
who depicted a scaled, shaggy-furred creature with overgrown toenails.
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ืฉืชืืจื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื, ืคืจื•ื•ื” ืคืจื•ืขื” ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.
01:19
In Michael Pacherโ€™s painting of St. Augustine and the Devil,
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ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืืงืจ ืฉืœ ืกื ื˜ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ,
01:23
the devil appears as an upright lizardโ€”
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ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืœื˜ืื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช --
01:26
with a second miniature face glinting on his rear and.
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ืขื ืคื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•.
01:31
The epitome of these monster Satans
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ื”ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืžืคืœืฆืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:34
appeared in Italian poet Dante Alighieriโ€™s โ€œInferno.โ€
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ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘โ€œืื™ื ืคืจื ื•โ€ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื“ื ื˜ื” ืืœื™ื’ืจื™.
01:39
Encased in the ninth circle of hell,
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ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื,
01:42
Danteโ€™s Satan is a three-headed, bat-winged behemoth who feasts on sinners.
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ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืžื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจืืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื ืคื™ ืขื˜ืœืฃ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื.
01:48
But heโ€™s also an object of pity:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื•ืฉื ืœืจื—ืžื™ื:
01:51
powerless as the panicked beating of his wings
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ื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื›ืฉื ืคื ื•ืฃ ื›ื ืคื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ืงื”
01:54
only encases him further in ice.
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ืจืง ืžื›ืกื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื—.
01:57
The poemโ€™s protagonist escapes from hell by clambering over Satanโ€™s body,
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ,
02:03
and feels both disgust and sympathy for the trapped beastโ€”
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ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื’ื•ืขืœ ื•ื’ื ืกื™ืžืคืชื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ื•ื“ื” --
02:08
prompting the reader to consider the pain of doing evil.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื.
02:13
By the Renaissance, the devil started to assume a more human form.
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ื‘ืจื ืกื ืก, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:18
Artists painted him as a man with cloven hooves and curling horns
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ืืžื ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื“ื ืขื ื˜ืœืคื™ื™ื ื•ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืงืœื•ืช
02:23
inspired by Pan, the Greek god of the wild.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืคืืŸ, ื”ืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื.
02:27
In his 1667 masterpiece โ€œParadise Lost,โ€
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœื• ืž 1667 โ€œื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื“โ€,
02:31
English poet John Milton depicted the devil as Lucifer,
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ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื›ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ,
02:35
an angel who started a rebellion on the grounds that God is too powerful.
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ืžืœืืš ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืจื“ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืง ืžื“ื™.
02:41
Kicked out of heaven, this charismatic rebel becomes Satan,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื–ืจืง ืžื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืฉื˜ืŸ,
02:45
and declares that heโ€™d rather rule in hell than serve in heaven.
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ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืžืœืฉืจืช ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ.
02:50
Miltonโ€™s take inspired numerous depictions of Lucifer as an ambiguous figure,
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ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืื™ืŸ-ืกืคื•ืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ืฆื•ื™ื”,
02:56
rather than a purely evil one.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฉืขืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
02:59
Miltonโ€™s Lucifer later became an iconic character for the Romantics of the 1800s,
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ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
03:05
who saw him as a hero who defied higher power in pursuit of essential truths,
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ืฉืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืืžืชื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช,
03:12
with tragic consequences.
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ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ืจื’ื™ื•ืช.
03:15
Meanwhile, in the German legend of Doctor Faust,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืื’ื“ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคืื•ืกื˜,
03:18
which dates to the 16th century,
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16,
03:20
we get a look at what happens when the devil comes to Earth.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:25
Faust, a dissatisfied scholar,
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ืคืื•ืกื˜, ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœ,
03:27
pledges his soul to the devil in exchange for bottomless pleasure.
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ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื ืฉืžืชื• ืœืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™.
03:32
With the help of the devilโ€™s messenger Mephistopheles,
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ืขื ืขื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืœืก,
03:36
Faust quickly seizes women, power, and moneyโ€”
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ืคืื•ืกื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ื•ื— ื•ื›ืกืฃ --
03:40
only to fall into the eternal fires of hell.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืืฉ ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื.
03:44
Later versions of the story show Mephistopheles in different lights.
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ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืœืก ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
03:49
In Christopher Marlowe's account,
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืžืจืœื•,
03:50
a cynical Doctor Faustus is happy to strike a deal with Mephistopheles.
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ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคืื•ืกื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืขืกืงื” ืขื ืžืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื•ืœืก.
03:55
In Johann Wolfgang van Goetheโ€™s version,
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ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื•ื•ืœืคื’ืื ื’ ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืชโ€™ื”,
03:58
Mephistopheles tricks Faust into a grisly deal.
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ืžืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื•ืœืก ืžืจืžื” ืืช ืคืื•ืกื˜ ืœืขืกืงื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช.
04:02
Today, a Faustian bargain refers to a trade that sacrifices integrity
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ โ€˜ืขืกืงื” ืคืื•ืกื˜ื™ืชโ€™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจื”
04:08
for short-term gains.
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ืชืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
04:11
In stagings of Goetheโ€™s play,
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ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืชโ€™ื”,
04:13
Mephistopheles appeared in red tights and cape.
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ืžืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืœืก ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืก ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ืœื™ืžื”.
04:17
This version of the devil was often played as a charming tricksterโ€”
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ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืงืช ื›ืจืžืื™ ืžืงืกื™ื --
04:21
one that eventually paraded through comic books,
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ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก,
04:24
advertising, and film in his red suit.
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ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ืžื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื•.
04:28
These three takes on the devil are just the tip of the iceberg:
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ:
04:33
the devil continues to stalk the public imagination to this day,
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ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื,
04:38
tempting artists of all kinds to render him
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ืžืคืชื” ืืžื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•
04:41
according to new and fantastical visions.
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ื‘ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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