A brief history of the devil - Brian A. Pavlac

1,583,948 views ・ 2021-03-30

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Grace Choi κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
Satan, the beast crunching sinners’ bones in his subterranean lair.
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사탄, 지μ˜₯μ—μ„œ μ£„μΈμ˜ 뼈λ₯Ό μœΌμŠ€λŸ¬νŠΈλ¦¬λŠ” 짐승.
00:12
Lucifer, the fallen angel raging against the established order.
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λ£¨μ‹œνΌ, μ‹ μ˜ μ§ˆμ„œμ— 반기λ₯Ό λ“  νƒ€λ½ν•œ μ²œμ‚¬.
00:17
Mephistopheles, the trickster striking deals with unsuspecting humans.
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λ©”ν”ΌμŠ€ν† νŽ λ ˆμŠ€, μˆœμ§„ν•œ 인간을 μ†μ΄λŠ” 사기꾼.
00:24
These three divergent devils are all based on Satan of the Old Testament,
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이 μ„Έ μ•…λ§ˆλ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ‘ κ΅¬μ•½μ„±μ„œμ˜ 사탄에 뿌리λ₯Ό 두고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
an angelic member of God’s court who torments Job in the Book of Job.
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λ°”λ‘œ μš₯κΈ°μ—μ„œ μš₯을 κ΄΄λ‘­νžˆλŠ” μ²œμ‚¬μ™€ 같은 쑴재 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
But unlike any of these literary devils,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이런 λ¬Έν•™μ†μ˜ μ•…λ§ˆλ“€κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ
00:38
the Satan of the Bible was a relatively minor character,
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μ„±μ„œμ—μ„œ 사탄은 μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ―Έλ―Έν•œ μ‘΄μž¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
with scant information about his deeds or appearance.
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κ·Έκ°€ ν–ˆλ˜ μΌμ΄λ‚˜ μ™Έλͺ¨μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ„€λͺ…도 거의 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
So how did he become the ultimate antagonist, with so many different forms?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이처럼 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 가진 ꢁ극적 μ λŒ€μžκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:53
In the New Testament, Satan saw a little more action:
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μ‹ μ•½μ„±μ„œμ—μ„œ 사탄은 쑰금 더 큰 역할을 ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
tempting Jesus, using demons to possess people,
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예수λ₯Ό μœ ν˜Ήν•˜κ³ , μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 악령을 μ”Œμš°λ©°,
01:01
and finally appearing as a giant dragon who is cast into hell.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 지μ˜₯에 λ˜μ Έμ§„ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 용으둜 λ“±μž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
This last image particularly inspired medieval artists and writers,
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이 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ΄λ―Έμ§€λŠ” 특히 μ€‘μ„Έμ˜ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€λ“€κ³Ό μž‘κ°€λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ˜κ°μ„ μ£ΌλŠ”λ°,
01:13
who depicted a scaled, shaggy-furred creature with overgrown toenails.
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사탄은 κΈ΄ λ°œν†±μ— λΉ„λŠ˜κ³Ό 털이 뒀엉킨 μƒλ¬Όλ‘œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
In Michael Pacher’s painting of St. Augustine and the Devil,
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마이클 νŒŒμ»€κ°€ κ·Έλ¦° μ„± μ–΄κ±°μŠ€ν‹΄κ³Ό μ•…λ§ˆμ—μ„œ
01:23
the devil appears as an upright lizardβ€”
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μ•…λ§ˆλŠ” λ˜‘λ°”λ‘œ μ„  λ„λ§ˆλ±€μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ”λ°,
01:26
with a second miniature face glinting on his rear and.
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μž‘μ€ 얼꡴이 그의 μ—‰λ©μ΄μ—μ„œ λˆˆμ„ κΉœλΉ‘κ±°λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
The epitome of these monster Satans
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이 κ΄΄λͺ° 같은 μ‚¬νƒ„λ“€μ˜ μ „ν˜•μ€
01:34
appeared in Italian poet Dante Alighieri’s β€œInferno.”
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μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„ μ‹œμΈ λ‹¨ν…Œ μ•Œλ¦¬κΈ°μ—λ¦¬μ˜ β€˜μΈνŽ˜λ₯΄λ…Έβ€™μ— λ“±μž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Encased in the ninth circle of hell,
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λ‹¨ν…Œμ˜ 사탄은 지μ˜₯의 아홉 번째 고리에 κ°‡νžŒ
01:42
Dante’s Satan is a three-headed, bat-winged behemoth who feasts on sinners.
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머리가 μ„Έ κ°œμ— λ°•μ₯ λ‚ κ°œκ°€ 달렸고 죄인을 μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉλŠ” 괴물둜 λ¬˜μ‚¬λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
But he’s also an object of pity:
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ—°λ―Όμ˜ λŒ€μƒμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ°
01:51
powerless as the panicked beating of his wings
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무기λ ₯ν•˜λ©° ν—ˆλ‘₯λŒ€κ³  λ‚ κ°œλ₯Ό 퍼덕여도
01:54
only encases him further in ice.
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더 κΉŠμ€ μ–ΌμŒ 속에 μžμ‹ μ„ κ°€λ‘κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
The poem’s protagonist escapes from hell by clambering over Satan’s body,
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이 μ‹œμ˜ 주인곡은 μ‚¬νƒ„μ˜ λͺΈμ„ κΈ°μ–΄μ˜¬λΌ 지μ˜₯μ—μ„œ νƒˆμΆœν•˜λŠ”λ°
02:03
and feels both disgust and sympathy for the trapped beastβ€”
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κ°‡νžŒ μ§μŠΉμ— λŒ€ν•œ 혐였감과 동정심을 λͺ¨λ‘ 느끼며
02:08
prompting the reader to consider the pain of doing evil.
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λ…μžλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ 악행에 λŒ€ν•œ 고톡을 생각해 보도둝 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
By the Renaissance, the devil started to assume a more human form.
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λ₯΄λ„€μƒμŠ€ μ‹œλŒ€μ— μ•…λ§ˆλŠ” λ”μš± 인간적인 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ 띄기 μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
Artists painted him as a man with cloven hooves and curling horns
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μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€λ“€μ€ μ•…λ§ˆλ₯Ό κ°ˆλΌμ§„ 발꡽과 κ΅¬λΆ€λŸ¬μ§„ 뿔을 가진 μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œ κ·Έλ¦¬λŠ”λ°
02:23
inspired by Pan, the Greek god of the wild.
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그리슀 μ‹ ν™”μ˜ λͺ©μ‹ , νŒμ—μ„œ μ˜κ°μ„ μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
In his 1667 masterpiece β€œParadise Lost,”
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1667년에 μ“΄ κ±Έμž‘ β€˜μ‹€λ‚™μ›β€™μ—μ„œ
02:31
English poet John Milton depicted the devil as Lucifer,
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영ꡭ κ·Ήμž‘κ°€μΈ μ‘΄ 밀턴은 사탄을 λ£¨μ‹œνΌλ‘œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
an angel who started a rebellion on the grounds that God is too powerful.
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이 μ²œμ‚¬λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜λ‹˜μ΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄ 힘이 μ„Έλ‹€λŠ” 이유둜 λ°˜μ—­μ„ μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
Kicked out of heaven, this charismatic rebel becomes Satan,
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이 카리슀마 λ„˜μΉ˜λŠ” λ°˜μ—­μžλŠ” μ²œκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ«“κ²¨λ‚˜μ„œ 사탄이 되고
02:45
and declares that he’d rather rule in hell than serve in heaven.
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μ²œκ΅­μ—μ„œ λ΄‰μ‚¬ν•˜λŠλ‹ˆ 지μ˜₯을 λ‹€μŠ€λ¦¬κ² λ‹€κ³  μ„ μ–Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
Milton’s take inspired numerous depictions of Lucifer as an ambiguous figure,
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λ°€ν„΄μ˜ 관점은 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μž‘ν’ˆμ— μ˜κ°μ„ μ£Όμ–΄μ„œ
λ£¨μ‹œνΌλ₯Ό μˆœμ „ν•œ 악이 μ•„λ‹Œ 양면성을 가진 인물둜 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
rather than a purely evil one.
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02:59
Milton’s Lucifer later became an iconic character for the Romantics of the 1800s,
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λ°€ν„΄μ˜ λ£¨μ‹œνŽ΄λŠ” 이후 1800λ…„λŒ€ λ‚­λ§Œμ£Όμ˜μ˜ 상징적 인물이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
who saw him as a hero who defied higher power in pursuit of essential truths,
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본질적인 진리λ₯Ό μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜μ—¬ 이 μ˜μ›…μ€ 더 높은 ꢌλ ₯에 λ„μ „ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
03:12
with tragic consequences.
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결말은 λΉ„κ·Ήμ μ΄μ§€μš”.
03:15
Meanwhile, in the German legend of Doctor Faust,
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ν•œνŽΈ, λ…μΌμ˜ 전섀인 νŒŒμš°μŠ€νŠΈλŠ”
03:18
which dates to the 16th century,
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16μ„ΈκΈ°λ‘œ 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°€μ„œ
03:20
we get a look at what happens when the devil comes to Earth.
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μ•…λ§ˆκ°€ 세상에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μ„ λ•Œ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
Faust, a dissatisfied scholar,
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λΆˆλ§Œμ— μ°¬ ν•™μžμΈ νŒŒμš°μŠ€νŠΈλŠ”
03:27
pledges his soul to the devil in exchange for bottomless pleasure.
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λμ—†λŠ” 쾌락의 λŒ€κ°€λ‘œ μ•…λ§ˆμ—κ²Œ μžμ‹ μ˜ μ˜ν˜Όμ„ νŒλ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
With the help of the devil’s messenger Mephistopheles,
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μ•…λ§ˆμ˜ 전령인 λ©”ν”ΌμŠ€ν† νŒ°λ ˆμŠ€μ˜ λ„μ›€μœΌλ‘œ
03:36
Faust quickly seizes women, power, and moneyβ€”
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νŒŒμš°μŠ€νŠΈλŠ” μ—¬μž, ꢌλ ₯, μž¬λ¬Όμ„ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 손에 λ„£μ§€λ§Œ
03:40
only to fall into the eternal fires of hell.
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κ²°κ΅­ 지μ˜₯의 μ˜μ›ν•œ λΆˆκ΅¬λ©μ΄μ— λΉ μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
Later versions of the story show Mephistopheles in different lights.
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이후에 λ‚˜μ˜¨ 이야기듀은 λ©”ν”ΌμŠ€ν† νŒ°λ ˆμŠ€λ₯Ό λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λͺ¨μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
In Christopher Marlowe's account,
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ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€ν† νΌ 말둜의 μž‘ν’ˆμ—μ„œ
03:50
a cynical Doctor Faustus is happy to strike a deal with Mephistopheles.
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λƒ‰μ†Œμ μΈ νŒŒμš°μŠ€νŠΈλŠ” λ©”ν”ΌμŠ€ν† νŒ°λ ˆμŠ€μ™€ κ±°λž˜ν•΄μ„œ κΈ°μ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
In Johann Wolfgang van Goethe’s version,
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μš”ν•œ λ³Όν”„κ°• 폰 κ΄΄ν…Œμ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμ—μ„œλŠ”
03:58
Mephistopheles tricks Faust into a grisly deal.
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λ©”ν”ΌμŠ€ν† νŒ°λ ˆμŠ€κ°€ 파우슀트λ₯Ό 속여 λ”μ°ν•œ 거래λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
Today, a Faustian bargain refers to a trade that sacrifices integrity
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  파우슀트의 κ±°λž˜λŠ” 단기적 이득을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
μ˜³μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 일을 ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 거래λ₯Ό λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
for short-term gains.
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04:11
In stagings of Goethe’s play,
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κ΄΄ν…Œμ˜ μ—°κ·Ή λ¬΄λŒ€μ—μ„œ
04:13
Mephistopheles appeared in red tights and cape.
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λ©”ν”ΌμŠ€ν† νŒ°λ ˆμŠ€λŠ” 뢉은 망토와 μŠ€νƒ€ν‚Ή 차림으둜 λ“±μž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
This version of the devil was often played as a charming tricksterβ€”
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이 μž‘ν’ˆμ—μ„œ μ•…λ§ˆλŠ” μ’…μ’… 맀λ ₯적인 μ‚¬κΈ°κΎΌμœΌλ‘œ μ—°κΈ°ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
04:21
one that eventually paraded through comic books,
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κ·Έ ν›„λ‘œ κ²°κ΅­ λ§Œν™”μ±…κ³Ό
04:24
advertising, and film in his red suit.
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κ΄‘κ³ , μ˜ν™”μ—μ„œλ„ 뢉은 μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ“±μž₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
These three takes on the devil are just the tip of the iceberg:
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이 μ„Έ 가지 μ•…λ§ˆμ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ€ λΉ™μ‚°μ˜ 일각일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
the devil continues to stalk the public imagination to this day,
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μ•…λ§ˆλŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ κΉŒμ§€ λŒ€μ€‘μ˜ 상상λ ₯ μ†μ—μ„œ 계속 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
tempting artists of all kinds to render him
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λͺ¨λ“  λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€λ“€μ„ μœ ν˜Ήν•΄μ„œ μ•…λ§ˆλ₯Ό 그리게 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
according to new and fantastical visions.
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μƒˆλ‘­κ³  ν™˜μƒμ μΈ μ‹œκ°μœΌλ‘œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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