How to use rhetoric to get what you want - Camille A. Langston

3,332,039 views ใƒป 2016-09-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
How do you get what you want using just your words?
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ืื™ืš ืชืฉื™ื’ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื?
00:11
Aristotle set out to answer exactly that question over 2,000 years ago
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืขืœ 2,000 ืฉื ื”
00:15
with the Treatise on Rhetoric.
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ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”.
00:18
Rhetoric, according to Aristotle,
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ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
00:19
is the art of seeing the available means of persuasion.
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ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื.
00:24
And today we apply it to any form of communication.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
00:27
Aristotle focused on oration, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื ืื•ื,
00:29
and he described three types of persuasive speech.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืชืืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืื•ื ืžืฉื›ื ืข.
00:33
Forensic, or judicial, rhetoric
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ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืคื•ืจื ื–ื™ืช, ืื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช
00:35
establishes facts and judgements about the past,
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ืžื‘ืกืกืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
00:38
similar to detectives at a crime scene.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ืคืฉืข.
00:41
Epideictic, or demonstrative, rhetoric
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ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ืช, ืื• ื”ื“ื’ืžืชื™ืช
00:43
makes a proclamation about the present situation,
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ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
00:46
as in wedding speeches.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ืื•ืžื™ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช.
00:48
But the way to accomplish change is through deliberative rhetoric,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช,
00:52
or symbouleutikon.
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ืื• ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœืื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืŸ.
00:54
Rather than the past or the present,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”,
00:56
deliberative rhetoric focuses on the future.
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ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
00:59
It's the rhetoric of politicians
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ื–ื• ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
01:01
debating a new law by imagining what effect it might have,
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ืฉื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื•,
01:05
like when Ronald Regan warned that the introduction of Medicare
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื ืืœื“ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืžื“ื™ืงื™ื™ืจ
01:08
would lead to a socialist future spent telling our children
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ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื• ื ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื•
01:11
and our children's children what it once was like in America when men were free.
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ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื• ืคืขื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื.
01:16
But it's also the rhetoric of activists urging change,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
01:19
such as Martin Luther King Jr's dream
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’,
01:21
that his children will one day live in a nation
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ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืžื”
01:24
where they will not be judged by the color of their skin,
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ื‘ื” ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ืฉึธืคื˜ื• ืœืคื™ ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจื,
01:26
but by the content of their character.
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ืืœื ืœืคื™ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื.
01:29
In both cases, the speaker's present their audience with a possible future
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ืืคืฉืจื™,
01:33
and try to enlist their help in avoiding or achieving it.
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื•.
01:37
But what makes for good deliberative rhetoric,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
01:39
besides the future tense?
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“?
01:41
According to Aristotle, there are three persuasive appeals:
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ืœืคื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•, ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช:
01:44
ethos,
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ืืชื•ืก,
01:46
logos,
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ืœื•ื’ื•ืก,
01:47
and pathos.
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ื•ืคืืชื•ืก.
01:48
Ethos is how you convince an audience of your credibility.
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ืืชื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืชืฉื›ื ืขื• ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
01:52
Winston Churchill began his 1941 address to the U.S. Congress by declaring,
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ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘-1941 ื›ืฉื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ,
01:56
"I have been in full harmony all my life with the tides which have flowed
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"ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืžืœืื” ืขื ื”ื’ืื•ืช ืฉื–ืจืžื”
02:01
on both sides of the Atlantic against privilege and monopoly,"
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"ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ื•ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ",
02:05
thus highlighting his virtue as someone committed to democracy.
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ื›ืš ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื•ืฉืจื• ื›ืื“ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
02:09
Much earlier, in his defense of the poet Archias,
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ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืืจื›ื™ืืก,
02:12
Roman consul Cicero appealed to his own practical wisdom
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ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืกื™ืกืจื• ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื• ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช
02:16
and expertise as a politician:
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ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™:
02:18
"Drawn from my study of the liberal sciences
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"ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช,
02:21
and from that careful training to which I admit
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"ื•ืžื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื”
02:23
that at no part of my life I have ever been disinclined."
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ".
02:27
And finally, you can demonstrate disinterest,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
02:30
or that you're not motivated by personal gain.
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ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืื™ืฉื™.
02:33
Logos is the use of logic and reason.
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ืœื•ื’ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”.
02:37
This method can employ rhetorical devices such as analogies,
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
02:41
examples,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช,
02:42
and citations of research or statistics.
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ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื• ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช.
02:45
But it's not just facts and figures.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
02:47
It's also the structure and content of the speech itself.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ื ืขืฆืžื•.
02:51
The point is to use factual knowledge to convince the audience,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ,
02:54
as in Sojourner Truth's argument for women's rights:
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’'ื•ืจื ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืช' ื‘ืขื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื:
02:58
"I have as much muscle as any man and can do as much work as any man.
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืจ.
03:02
I have plowed and reaped and husked and chopped and mowed
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"ื—ืจืฉืชื™ ื•ืงืฆืจืชื™ ื•ืกื—ื‘ืชื™ ื•ืงืฆืฆืชื™ ื•ืงืฆืจืชื™,
03:06
and can any man do more than that?"
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"ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”?"
03:09
Unfortunately, speakers can also manipulate people with false information
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ื™
03:14
that the audience thinks is true,
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ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:16
such as the debunked but still widely believed claim
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืจื›ืช, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
03:19
that vaccines cause autism.
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ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื.
03:22
And finally, pathos appeals to emotion,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืคืืชื•ืก ืคื•ื ื” ืœืจื’ืฉ,
03:25
and in our age of mass media, it's often the most effective mode.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
03:29
Pathos is neither inherently good nor bad,
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ืคืืชื•ืก ืื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•,
03:32
but it may be irrational and unpredictable.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™.
03:35
It can just as easily rally people for peace
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื—ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ื
03:37
as incite them to war.
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ืื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”.
03:40
Most advertising,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื,
03:41
from beauty products that promise to relieve our physical insecurities
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ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœื ื•
03:45
to cars that make us feel powerful,
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ืขื“ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
03:47
relies on pathos.
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ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืคืืชื•ืก.
03:50
Aristotle's rhetorical appeals still remain powerful tools today,
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ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื•ืชืจื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
03:54
but deciding which of them to use
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืžื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
03:56
is a matter of knowing your audience and purpose,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ, ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื”,
03:59
as well as the right place and time.
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ื•ืžื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
04:01
And perhaps just as important is being able to notice
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:04
when these same methods of persuasion are being used on you.
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ืžืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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