How to use rhetoric to get what you want - Camille A. Langston

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2016-09-20 ・ TED-Ed


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How to use rhetoric to get what you want - Camille A. Langston

3,384,069 views ・ 2016-09-20

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hyunyoung Park κ²€ν† : Ju Hye Lim
00:07
How do you get what you want using just your words?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 말만 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ μ›ν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ μ–»μœΌμ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
00:11
Aristotle set out to answer exactly that question over 2,000 years ago
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2000년도 더 전에 μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€λŠ” μˆ˜μ‚¬λ²•μ— λŒ€ν•œ 논문을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬
00:15
with the Treatise on Rhetoric.
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이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
Rhetoric, according to Aristotle,
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μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ μˆ˜μ‚¬λ²•μ€
00:19
is the art of seeing the available means of persuasion.
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μ‚¬μš© κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 섀득 방법을 μ•„λŠ” κΈ°μˆ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
And today we apply it to any form of communication.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μˆ˜μ‚¬λ²•μ„ λͺ¨λ“  ν˜•νƒœμ˜ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ— μ μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
Aristotle focused on oration, though,
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€λŠ” 연섀에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”μ—ˆκ³ 
00:29
and he described three types of persuasive speech.
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섀득λ ₯ μžˆλŠ” μ—°μ„€μ˜ μ„Έ 가지 μœ ν˜•μ„ μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
Forensic, or judicial, rhetoric
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λ²•μ˜ν•™μ μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ 법λ₯ μ μΈ μˆ˜μ‚¬ν•™μ€
00:35
establishes facts and judgements about the past,
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범죄 ν˜„μž₯μ—μ„œμ˜ νƒμ •μ²˜λŸΌ
00:38
similar to detectives at a crime scene.
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과거의 사싀을 μ •λ¦½ν•˜κ³  과거에 λŒ€ν•œ νŒλ‹¨μ„ λ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
Epideictic, or demonstrative, rhetoric
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κ³Όμ‹œμ , λ˜λŠ” μ§€μ‹œμ  μˆ˜μ‚¬ν•™μ€
00:43
makes a proclamation about the present situation,
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κ²°ν˜Όμ‹μ—μ„œ 좕사와 같은
00:46
as in wedding speeches.
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ν˜„μž¬ 상황에 λŒ€ν•œ μ„ μ–Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
But the way to accomplish change is through deliberative rhetoric,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 방법은
00:52
or symbouleutikon.
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μ‹¬μ˜ μˆ˜μ‚¬ν•™ λ˜λŠ” μ •μΉ˜ μ—°μ„€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
Rather than the past or the present,
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μ‹¬μ˜ μˆ˜μ‚¬ν•™μ€ κ³Όκ±°λ‚˜ ν˜„μž¬λ³΄λ‹€
00:56
deliberative rhetoric focuses on the future.
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λ―Έλž˜μ— 더 μ΄ˆμ μ„ 맞μΆ₯λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
It's the rhetoric of politicians
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μ •μΉ˜μΈλ“€μ΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μ‚¬ν•™μœΌλ‘œ
01:01
debating a new law by imagining what effect it might have,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 법이 κ°€μ Έμ˜¬ 변화에 λŒ€ν•΄ ν† λ‘ ν•  λ•Œ μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
like when Ronald Regan warned that the introduction of Medicare
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λ‘œλ‚ λ“œ 레이건이 미ꡭ의 μ˜λ£Œλ³΄ν—˜μ œλ„μΈ λ©”λ””μΌ€μ–΄κ°€
01:08
would lead to a socialist future spent telling our children
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우리의 μžμ†λ“€κ³Ό, κ·Έ μžμ†λ“€μ—κ²Œ 미ꡭ에 ν•œλ•Œ μžμœ κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ μ‹œμ ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄
01:11
and our children's children what it once was like in America when men were free.
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λ“€λ €μ£ΌλŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ£Όμ˜μ  미래λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜¬ 것이라고 κ²½κ³ ν•œ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
But it's also the rhetoric of activists urging change,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 μˆ˜μ‚¬ν•™μ€ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ΄‰κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμš΄λ™κ°€λ“€μ΄ 쓰기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
such as Martin Luther King Jr's dream
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λ§ˆν‹΄ 루터 ν‚Ήμ˜ κΏˆμ€
01:21
that his children will one day live in a nation
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그의 아이듀이 피뢀색이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:24
where they will not be judged by the color of their skin,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ¨μœΌλ‘œ ν‰κ°€λ°›λŠ” λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ
01:26
but by the content of their character.
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μ–Έμ  κ°€ μ‚΄κ²Œ 될 κ±°λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
01:29
In both cases, the speaker's present their audience with a possible future
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두 경우 λͺ¨λ‘ ν™”μžλŠ” μ²­μ€‘μ—κ²Œ 일어날 수 μžˆλŠ” 미래λ₯Ό λ“€λ €μ£Όλ©°
01:33
and try to enlist their help in avoiding or achieving it.
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무언가λ₯Ό ν”Όν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 이루기 μœ„ν•΄ μ²­μ€‘μ˜ 도움을 λͺ¨μœΌλ €κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
But what makes for good deliberative rhetoric,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 미래 μ‹œμ œ 외에 무엇이
01:39
besides the future tense?
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쒋은 μ‹¬μ˜ μˆ˜μ‚¬ν•™μ„ λ§Œλ“€κΉŒμš”?
01:41
According to Aristotle, there are three persuasive appeals:
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μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ μ„Έ κ°€μ§€μ˜ 섀득λ ₯ μžˆλŠ” 맀λ ₯이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
ethos,
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μ—ν† μŠ€
01:46
logos,
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둜고슀
01:47
and pathos.
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그리고 νŒŒν† μŠ€μ£ .
01:48
Ethos is how you convince an audience of your credibility.
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μ—ν† μŠ€λŠ” 당신을 μ‹ λ’°ν•˜λ„λ‘ 청쀑듀을 μ„€λ“μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
Winston Churchill began his 1941 address to the U.S. Congress by declaring,
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μœˆμŠ€ν„΄ μ²˜μΉ μ€ 1941λ…„ λ―Έκ΅­ 의회 연섀을 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
"I have been in full harmony all my life with the tides which have flowed
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"λ‚˜λŠ” μΌμƒλ™μ•ˆ 특ꢌ과 λ…μž¬μ— λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜λ©°
02:01
on both sides of the Atlantic against privilege and monopoly,"
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유럽과 미ꡭ의 흐름과 ν•œλ§ˆμŒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚΄μ•„μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
02:05
thus highlighting his virtue as someone committed to democracy.
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ— ν—Œμ‹ ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œμ„œ μžμ‹ μ˜ 고결함을 κ°•μ‘°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
Much earlier, in his defense of the poet Archias,
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이보닀 더 전에, 둜마의 μ§‘μ •κ΄€μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ ν‚€μΌ€λ‘œλŠ”
02:12
Roman consul Cicero appealed to his own practical wisdom
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μ•„λ₯΄μΉ˜μ•„μŠ€λΌλŠ” μ‹œμΈμ„ λ³€ν˜Έν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μžμ‹ μ˜ μ‹€μ²œμ  μ§€ν˜œμ™€
02:16
and expertise as a politician:
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μ •μΉ˜μΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 전문성에 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν˜Έμ†Œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
"Drawn from my study of the liberal sciences
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"인문학에 κ΄€ν•œ λ‚΄ 연ꡬ와
02:21
and from that careful training to which I admit
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인문학에 λŒ€ν•΄ 받은 μ² μ €ν•œ κ΅μœ‘μ— 비좔어봀을 λ•Œ
02:23
that at no part of my life I have ever been disinclined."
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λ‚΄ μΈμƒμ—μ„œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 내킀지 μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ 적은 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€."
02:27
And finally, you can demonstrate disinterest,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ 당신이 사심이 μ—†λ‹€κ±°λ‚˜
02:30
or that you're not motivated by personal gain.
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개인적 μ΄λ“μœΌλ‘œ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ±Έ 보여쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
Logos is the use of logic and reason.
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λ‘œκ³ μŠ€λŠ” 논리와 이성을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
This method can employ rhetorical devices such as analogies,
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이 방법은 λΉ„μœ λ‚˜ μ˜ˆμ‹œ, 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όλ‚˜ 톡계 자료의 μΈμš©κ°™μ€
02:41
examples,
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μˆ˜μ‚¬μ μΈ μž₯μΉ˜λ“€μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
and citations of research or statistics.
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02:45
But it's not just facts and figures.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŠ” 사싀과 μˆ˜μΉ˜μ— λΆˆκ³Όν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
It's also the structure and content of the speech itself.
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μ΄λŠ” μ—°μ„€ 자체의 ꡬ쑰와 λ‚΄μš©λ„ μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
The point is to use factual knowledge to convince the audience,
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핡심은 청쀑을 μ„€λ“ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 사싀을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
as in Sojourner Truth's argument for women's rights:
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μ†Œμ €λ„ˆ 트루슀의 μ—¬μ„± μΈκΆŒμ— κ΄€ν•œ μ—°μ„€μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
02:58
"I have as much muscle as any man and can do as much work as any man.
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"λ‚˜λŠ” μ—¬λŠ λ‚¨μžλ§ŒνΌμ˜ 근윑이 있고, λ‚¨μžλ§ŒνΌ λ§Žμ€ 일을 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
I have plowed and reaped and husked and chopped and mowed
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λ‚˜λŠ” μŸκΈ°μ§ˆν•˜κ³ , μˆ˜ν™•ν•˜κ³ , νƒ€μž‘ν•˜κ³ , μž₯μž‘μ„ 패고, μž”λ””λ₯Ό κΉŽμ•„ μ™”λŠ”λ°,
03:06
and can any man do more than that?"
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μ–΄λŠ λ‚¨μžκ°€ 이보닀 더 λ§Žμ€ 일을 ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?"
03:09
Unfortunately, speakers can also manipulate people with false information
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λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„ μ—°μ„€κ°€λŠ” 청쀑이 사싀이라고 λ―ΏλŠ” 잘λͺ»λœ μ •λ³΄λ‘œ
03:14
that the audience thinks is true,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ‘°μ’…ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
such as the debunked but still widely believed claim
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백신이 μžνμ¦μ„ μΌμœΌν‚¨λ‹€λŠ” 것이 잘λͺ»λœ μ •λ³΄λ‘œ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚¬μ§€λ§Œ
03:19
that vaccines cause autism.
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아직도 널리 λ―Ώκ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
And finally, pathos appeals to emotion,
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그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ νŒŒν† μŠ€λŠ” 감정에 ν˜Έμ†Œν•˜λŠ”λ°
03:25
and in our age of mass media, it's often the most effective mode.
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λŒ€μ€‘ 맀체의 μ‹œλŒ€μ—μ„œ μ’…μ’… κ°€μž₯ 효과적인 λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
Pathos is neither inherently good nor bad,
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νŒŒν† μŠ€λŠ” 본질적으둜 쒋지도 λ‚˜μ˜μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
03:32
but it may be irrational and unpredictable.
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λΉ„λ…Όλ¦¬μ μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ 예츑 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
It can just as easily rally people for peace
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μ‰½κ²Œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 평화λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ κ²°μ§‘μ‹œν‚¬ 수 있고
03:37
as incite them to war.
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μ „μŸμ— λ‚˜κ°€κ²Œ 선동할 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
Most advertising,
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μ‹ μ²΄μ˜ 결함을 μ—†μ• μ€€λ‹€λŠ” ν™”μž₯ν’ˆ κ΄‘κ³ λΆ€ν„°
03:41
from beauty products that promise to relieve our physical insecurities
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λ‚΄κ°€ κ°•λ ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” λŠλ‚Œμ„ μ£ΌλŠ” μžλ™μ°¨ κ΄‘κ³ κΉŒμ§€
03:45
to cars that make us feel powerful,
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03:47
relies on pathos.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ κ΄‘κ³ λŠ” νŒŒν† μŠ€μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
Aristotle's rhetorical appeals still remain powerful tools today,
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μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€μ˜ μˆ˜μ‚¬λ²•μ˜ ν˜Έμ†Œλ ₯은 ν˜„λŒ€μ—λ„ μ—¬μ „νžˆ κ°•λ ₯ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
03:54
but deciding which of them to use
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μ„Έ 가지 쀑 μ–΄λŠ 것을 μ‚¬μš©ν• μ§€λ₯Ό
03:56
is a matter of knowing your audience and purpose,
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κ²°μ •ν•  λ•Œμ—λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 청쀑, μ μ ˆν•œ μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό μž₯μ†Œ
03:59
as well as the right place and time.
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그리고 μžμ‹ μ΄ λ§ν•˜λŠ” λͺ©μ μ„ μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
And perhaps just as important is being able to notice
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그리고 λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 λ™μΌν•œ 섀득 방법이
04:04
when these same methods of persuasion are being used on you.
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λ‹Ήμ‹ μ—κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆμ„ λ•Œλ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„μ°¨λ¦΄ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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