A brief history of toilets - Francis de los Reyes

5,309,919 views ใƒป 2021-06-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:07
On sunny days, the Roman citizens of Ostia
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ื”
00:10
could be found on a long stone bench near the Forum.
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืกืคืกืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื.
00:15
Friends and neighbors exchanged news and gossip
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช
00:18
while simultaneously attending to more... urgent business.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื... ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:23
These public latrines could sit up to 20 Romans at a time,
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ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ืœืก ืขื“ 20 ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
00:27
draining waste in water conduits below.
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ื›ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื”ื ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืคืกื•ืœืช.
00:29
Today, most cultures consider trips to the restroom to be a more private occasion.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื›ืื™ืจื•ืข ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:35
But even when going alone, our shared sewage infrastructure
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื“, ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:39
is one of the most pivotal inventions in the history of humanity.
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
00:44
While many ancient religious texts contain instructions
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
00:48
for keeping waste away from drinking water and campsites,
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ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื”,
00:52
waste management took a more familiar shape as early as 3000 BCE.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืž-3000 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
00:58
Ancient Mesopotamian settlements often had clay structures
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ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ืžืจ
01:02
made for squatting or sitting in the most private room of the house.
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ืœื›ืจื™ืขื” ืื• ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
01:07
These were connected to pipes which used running water to move waste
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช
01:11
into street canals and cesspits.
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ืœืชืขืœื•ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘.
01:14
Water infrastructure like this flourished in the Bronze Age,
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ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉื’ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”,
01:17
and in some parts of the Indus Valley,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžืง ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก,
01:20
nearly every house had a toilet connected to a citywide sewage system.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
01:25
Ancient Cretan palaces even offered a manual flushing option.
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ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจืชื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืื•ืคืฆื™ื™ืช ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช.
01:31
Researchers canโ€™t say for certain what inspired these early sewage systems,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:36
but we do know that waste management is essential for public health.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
01:40
Untreated sewage is a breeding ground for dangerous microorganisms,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื•ื ืงืจืงืข ืคื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื,
01:45
including those that cause cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื• ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœืจื”, ื“ื™ื–ื ื˜ืจื™ื”, ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก.
01:49
It would be several millennia before scientists fully understood
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ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™
01:53
the relationship between sewage and sickness.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช.
01:56
But the noxious odors of sewage have recorded associations with disease
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื›ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช
02:01
as early as 100 BCE.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-100 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:05
And by 100 AD, more complex sanitation solutions were emerging.
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ื•ืขื“ 100 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืฆืฆื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:10
The Roman Empire had continuously flowing aqueducts
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ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ืขื ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžืชืžื“ืช
02:14
dedicated to carrying waste outside city walls.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
02:18
Chinese dynasties of the same period also had private and public toilets,
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ืœืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
02:23
except their waste was immediately recycled.
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ืจืง ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื™ื“.
02:26
Most household toilets fed into pig sties,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื–ืจืžื• ืœื“ื™ืจื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื,
02:29
and specialized excrement collectors gathered waste from public latrines
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ื•ืื•ืกืคื™ ืฆื•ืื” ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืืกืคื• ืฆื•ืื” ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
02:34
to sell as fertilizer.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื›ื“ืฉืŸ.
02:36
In China, this tradition of waste management continued for centuries,
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ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
02:40
but in Europe the fall of the Roman Empire
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื ืคื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช
02:43
brought public sanitation into the Dark Ages.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:47
Pit latrines called โ€œgongsโ€ became commonplace,
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ืžื—ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื• โ€œื’ื•ื ื’ื™ืโ€ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ืคื•ืฆื™ื,
02:51
and chamber pots were frequently dumped into the street.
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ื•ืกื™ืจื™ ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘.
02:54
Castles ejected waste from tall windows into communal cesspits.
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ื˜ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
02:59
At night, so-called gong farmers would load up the waste
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื•ื•ืื™ ื’ื•ื ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืžื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช
03:03
before traveling beyond city limits to dump their cargo.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ.
03:07
Europe's unsanitary approach persisted for centuries,
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืœื ืกื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช,
03:11
but toilets themselves underwent some major changes.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
03:14
By the late Middle Ages, most wealthy families had commode stoolsโ€”
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื --
03:19
wooden boxes with seats and lids.
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ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืขืฅ ืขื ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืกื™ื.
03:22
And in the royal court of England,
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ื•ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
03:24
the commodes were controlled by the Groom of the Stool.
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ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื.
03:28
In addition to monitoring the kingโ€™s intestinal health,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš,
03:32
the Groomโ€™s... intimate relationship with the monarch
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ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจืช ืขื ื”ืžืœืš
03:35
made him a surprisingly influential figure.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
03:39
The next major leap in toilet technology came in 1596,
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ื”ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘-1596,
03:44
when Sir John Harrington designed the first modern flush toilet
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ื›ืฉืกืจ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:48
for Queen Elizabeth.
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ืœืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืชโ€™.
03:50
Its use of levers to release water and a valve to drain the bowl
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื™ื ื•ืฉืกืชื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืืกืœื”
03:54
still inform modern designs.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
03:57
But Harringtonโ€™s invention stank of sewage.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื™ื—ื” ื›ืž ื‘ื™ื•ื‘.
04:01
Thankfully, in 1775, Scottish inventor Alexander Cumming
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื‘-1775, ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืงืืžื™ื ื’
04:06
added a bend in the drainpipe to retain water and limit odors.
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ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
04:10
This so-called S-trap was later improved into the modern U-bend by Thomas Crapperโ€”
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ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”-S ืฉื•ืคืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ื”-U ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืงืจืืคืจ --
04:17
though the term โ€œcrapโ€ predates the inventor by several centuries.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— โ€œืงืจืืคโ€ (ื—ืจื) ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื.
04:22
By the turn of the 19th century,
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
04:24
many cities had developed modern sewage infrastructure
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ืขืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
04:27
and wastewater treatment plants,
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ื•ืžืคืขืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืคื›ื™ื,
04:29
and today, toilets have a wide range of features,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
04:33
from the luxurious to the sustainable.
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ืžื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:36
But roughly 2 billion people still donโ€™t have their own toilets at home.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืขืจืš 2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
04:41
And another 2.2 billion donโ€™t have facilities
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ื•ืœ-2.2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ืช
04:44
that properly manage their waste,
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ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื›ื™ื,
04:46
putting these communities at risk of numerous diseases.
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ืžื” ืฉืฉื ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
04:50
To solve this problem, weโ€™ll need to invent new sanitation technologies
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
04:54
and address the behavioral, financial, and political issues
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ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
04:59
that produce inequity throughout the sanitation pipeline.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื ืจืช ื”ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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