A brief history of toilets - Francis de los Reyes

4,892,897 views ・ 2021-06-15

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hyeona Seo κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:07
On sunny days, the Roman citizens of Ostia
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ν™”μ°½ν•œ 날에 μ˜€μŠ€ν‹°μ•„μ˜ 둜마 μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ€
00:10
could be found on a long stone bench near the Forum.
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κ΄‘μž₯μ—μ„œ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 곳에 μžˆλŠ” 돌둜 된 κΈ΄ λ²€μΉ˜μ— μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:15
Friends and neighbors exchanged news and gossip
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친ꡬ, 이웃듀과 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ†Œμ‹κ³Ό μ†Œλ¬Έμ„ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
00:18
while simultaneously attending to more... urgent business.
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λ™μ‹œμ— 더 κΈ‰ν•œ 일을... ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
00:23
These public latrines could sit up to 20 Romans at a time,
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이 곡쀑 ν™”μž₯μ‹€μ—λŠ” 20λͺ…κΉŒμ§€ 앉을 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
00:27
draining waste in water conduits below.
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μ•„λž˜μ—λŠ” μš©λ³€μ„ μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ‘œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
Today, most cultures consider trips to the restroom to be a more private occasion.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ¬Έν™”κΆŒμ—μ„œλŠ” 볼일을 μ’€ 더 개인적인 일둜 μƒκ°ν•˜μ£ .
00:35
But even when going alone, our shared sewage infrastructure
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ν™”μž₯싀은 혼자 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 곡유 ν•˜μˆ˜ 처리 μ‹œμ„€μ€
00:39
is one of the most pivotal inventions in the history of humanity.
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인λ₯˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 발λͺ…ν’ˆ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
While many ancient religious texts contain instructions
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κ³ λŒ€μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ 쒅ꡐ λ¬Έμ„œλ“€μ—λŠ”
00:48
for keeping waste away from drinking water and campsites,
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μ‹μˆ˜μ™€ μ£Όκ±°μ§€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 배섀물을 λ©€λ¦¬ν•˜λΌκ³  μ ν˜€ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:52
waste management took a more familiar shape as early as 3000 BCE.
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였물 처리 방법은 기원전 3000λ…„ 경에야 자리λ₯Ό μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
Ancient Mesopotamian settlements often had clay structures
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κ³ λŒ€ λ©”μ†Œν¬νƒ€λ―Έμ•„μΈλ“€μ€ 점토λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
01:02
made for squatting or sitting in the most private room of the house.
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집 μ•ˆμ˜ κ°€μž₯ 개인적인 곡간에 μͺΌκ·Έλ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ μ•‰λŠ” 것을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:07
These were connected to pipes which used running water to move waste
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이것듀은 물이 흐λ₯΄λŠ” κ΄€λ‘œμ™€ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄
λ„λ‘œ μ˜†μ˜ μˆ˜λ‘œμ™€ μ˜€λ¬Όν†΅μœΌλ‘œ 배섀물을 ν˜λ €λ³΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
into street canals and cesspits.
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01:14
Water infrastructure like this flourished in the Bronze Age,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 수둜 μ‹œμ„€μ€ 청동기 μ‹œλŒ€μ•  μœ ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬
01:17
and in some parts of the Indus Valley,
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ μΈλ”μŠ€ λ¬Έλͺ…에 이λ₯΄λŸ¬μ„œλŠ”
01:20
nearly every house had a toilet connected to a citywide sewage system.
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  가정에 λ„μ‹œ ν•˜μˆ˜ μ‹œμ„€κ³Ό μ—°κ²°λœ ν™”μž₯싀이 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
01:25
Ancient Cretan palaces even offered a manual flushing option.
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심지어 κ³ λŒ€ ν¬λ ˆνƒ€ κΆμ „μ—μ„œλŠ” μˆ˜λ™μœΌλ‘œ 물을 ν˜λ €λ³΄λƒˆμ–΄μš”.
01:31
Researchers can’t say for certain what inspired these early sewage systems,
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 초기 ν•˜μˆ˜ μ‹œμ„€μ˜ μ •ν™•ν•œ 유래λ₯Ό λ°ν˜€λ‚΄μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:36
but we do know that waste management is essential for public health.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°°μ„€λ¬Ό 관리가 곡쀑 보건에 ν•„μˆ˜μ μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
Untreated sewage is a breeding ground for dangerous microorganisms,
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μ²˜λ¦¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 배섀물은 μœ„ν—˜ν•œ λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜ μ˜¨μƒμ΄ 되고
01:45
including those that cause cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
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콜레라, 이질, μž₯ν‹°ν‘ΈμŠ€λ₯Ό μœ λ°œν•˜μ§€μš”.
01:49
It would be several millennia before scientists fully understood
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ°°μ„€λ¬Όκ³Ό μ§ˆλ³‘μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό μ™„μ „νžˆ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€λŠ”
01:53
the relationship between sewage and sickness.
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수천 년이 걸렸을 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
01:56
But the noxious odors of sewage have recorded associations with disease
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°°μ„€λ¬Όμ˜ μ•…μ·¨κ°€ μ§ˆλ³‘κ³Ό μ–΄λ–€ 관계가 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λŠ”
02:01
as early as 100 BCE.
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기원전 100λ…„ 경에 이미 κΈ°λ‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
And by 100 AD, more complex sanitation solutions were emerging.
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기원후 100λ…„μ—λŠ” 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μœ„μƒ μ‹œμ„€μ΄ μƒκ²¨λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:10
The Roman Empire had continuously flowing aqueducts
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둜마 μ œκ΅­μ€ λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ 물이 흐λ₯΄λŠ” 수둜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
02:14
dedicated to carrying waste outside city walls.
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배섀물을 μ„±λ²½ λ°–μœΌλ‘œ 흘렀 λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
Chinese dynasties of the same period also had private and public toilets,
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같은 μ‹œκΈ°μ— 쀑ꡭ μ™•μ‘°μ—λŠ” 개인 ν™”μž₯μ‹€κ³Ό 곡곡 ν™”μž₯싀을 κ°–μΆ”μ—ˆκ³ 
02:23
except their waste was immediately recycled.
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배섀물은 μ¦‰μ‹œ μž¬ν™œμš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
Most household toilets fed into pig sties,
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κ°€μ • λ°°μ„€λ¬Όμ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ λΌμ§€μ˜ 먹이가 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
02:29
and specialized excrement collectors gathered waste from public latrines
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전문적인 λŒ€λ³€ μˆ˜μ§‘μ—…μžλ“€μ€
곡곡 ν™”μž₯μ‹€μ—μ„œ 배섀물을 λͺ¨μ•„ λΉ„λ£Œλ‘œ νŒ”μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
to sell as fertilizer.
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02:36
In China, this tradition of waste management continued for centuries,
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μ€‘κ΅­μ—μ„œ 배섀물을 λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” 이 전톡은 λͺ‡ μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ μ§€μ†λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:40
but in Europe the fall of the Roman Empire
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μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ 둜마 제ꡭ의 λͺ°λ½μ€
02:43
brought public sanitation into the Dark Ages.
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곡쀑 μœ„μƒμ˜ 암흑기λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
Pit latrines called β€œgongs” became commonplace,
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β€œκ³΅β€μ΄λΌλŠ” ꡬ덩이 ν™”μž₯싀이 ν”ν•΄μ‘Œκ³ 
02:51
and chamber pots were frequently dumped into the street.
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μš”κ°•μ˜ 배섀물듀은 길거리둜 λ˜μ Έμ‘Œμ§€μš”.
02:54
Castles ejected waste from tall windows into communal cesspits.
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μ„±μ—μ„œλŠ” 높은 μ°½λ¬Έμ—μ„œ 곡동 ν™”μž₯μ‹€λ‘œ 배섀물을 λ°°μΆœν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:59
At night, so-called gong farmers would load up the waste
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밀이 되면 이λ₯Έ λ°” β€œλ˜₯ μˆ˜ν™•μΈβ€œλ“€μ΄
배섀물듀을 수레둜 μ‹€μ–΄ 날라 λ„μ‹œ 외곽에 μŒ“μ•„λ‘μ—ˆμ£ .
03:03
before traveling beyond city limits to dump their cargo.
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03:07
Europe's unsanitary approach persisted for centuries,
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유럽의 λΉ„μœ„μƒμ μΈ 상황은 λͺ‡ μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ μ§€μ†λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
λ³€κΈ°λŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ λͺ‡λͺ‡ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ±°μΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
but toilets themselves underwent some major changes.
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03:14
By the late Middle Ages, most wealthy families had commode stoolsβ€”
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쀑세 ν›„κΈ°μ˜ λΆ€μœ ν•œ κ°€μ • λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ λ³€κΈ° 겸용 μ˜μžκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
wooden boxes with seats and lids.
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λ‚˜λ¬΄ μƒμž λͺ¨μ–‘에 μ’Œμ„κ³Ό λšœκ»‘μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
영ꡭ의 κΆμ€‘μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:22
And in the royal court of England,
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03:24
the commodes were controlled by the Groom of the Stool.
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λ³€κΈ° 겸용 μ˜μžλŠ” λ³€κΈ° 담당관이 κ΄€λ¦¬ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:28
In addition to monitoring the king’s intestinal health,
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μ™•μ˜ μž₯ 건강을 관리할 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:32
the Groom’s... intimate relationship with the monarch
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λ‹΄λ‹Ήκ΄€κ³Ό... μ™•μ˜ μΉœλ°€ν•œ 관계 덕뢄에
03:35
made him a surprisingly influential figure.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚œ ꢌλ ₯을 μ₯˜ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‹€μŒ λ³€κΈ° 기술의 μ£Όμš”ν•œ λ³€ν™”λŠ” 1596년에 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”λ°
03:39
The next major leap in toilet technology came in 1596,
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03:44
when Sir John Harrington designed the first modern flush toilet
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μ‘΄ 해링턴 경이 μ—˜λ¦¬μžλ² μŠ€ 여왕을 μœ„ν•΄ 졜초둜 μˆ˜μ„Έμ‹ λ³€κΈ°λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“  κ²ƒμ΄μ—μš”.
03:48
for Queen Elizabeth.
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03:50
Its use of levers to release water and a valve to drain the bowl
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물을 내리기 μœ„ν•œ μ†μž‘μ΄μ™€ 톡을 λ°°μˆ˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ°ΈλΈŒλŠ”
03:54
still inform modern designs.
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ν˜„λŒ€ λ””μžμΈμ—λ„ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
But Harrington’s invention stank of sewage.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•΄λ§ν„΄μ˜ 발λͺ…ν’ˆμ€ μ•…μ·¨κ°€ μ‹¬ν–ˆμ£ .
04:01
Thankfully, in 1775, Scottish inventor Alexander Cumming
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κ°μ‚¬ν•˜κ²Œλ„ 1775년에 μŠ€μ½”ν‹€λžœλ“œ μΆœμ‹  발λͺ…κ°€ μ•Œλ ‰μ‚°λ” 컀밍이
04:06
added a bend in the drainpipe to retain water and limit odors.
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물을 λ³΄κ΄€ν•˜κ³  μ•…μ·¨λ₯Ό 막기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ ν•˜μˆ˜κ΄€μ— μ ‘νžŒ 뢀뢄을 λ”ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:10
This so-called S-trap was later improved into the modern U-bend by Thomas Crapperβ€”
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그것이 이λ₯Έλ°” S자 트랩인데
λ‚˜μ€‘μ— ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ ν¬λž˜νΌμ— μ˜ν•΄ μ§€κΈˆμ˜ Uν˜• κ΅½νž™κ΄€μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
though the term β€œcrap” predates the inventor by several centuries.
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β€œλ˜₯ κ°™λ‹€β€œλŠ” 뜻의 단어 β€œcrap”이 크래퍼의 μ΄λ¦„μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
By the turn of the 19th century,
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19μ„ΈκΈ°κ°€ λ˜λ©΄μ„œ
04:24
many cities had developed modern sewage infrastructure
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λ§Žμ€ λ„μ‹œμ—μ„œ ν˜„λŒ€μ μΈ ν•˜μˆ˜ μ‹œμ„€μ΄ κ±΄μ„€λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
04:27
and wastewater treatment plants,
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ν•˜μˆ˜ 쒅말 처리μž₯도 μ„Έμ›Œμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
and today, toilets have a wide range of features,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  ν™”μž₯싀듀은 μ—¬λŸ¬ νŠΉμ§•μ΄ 있고
04:33
from the luxurious to the sustainable.
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ν˜Έν™”λ‘œμš΄ ν™”μž₯μ‹€λΆ€ν„° 지속가λŠ₯ν•œ ν™”μž₯μ‹€κΉŒμ§€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
But roughly 2 billion people still don’t have their own toilets at home.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•½ 20μ–΅ λͺ…μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 집에 ν™”μž₯싀이 μ—†μ–΄μš”.
04:41
And another 2.2 billion don’t have facilities
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그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ 22μ–΅λͺ…은
μ˜€λ¬Όμ„ 적절히 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•  μ‹œμ„€μ΄ μ—†λŠ”λ°,
04:44
that properly manage their waste,
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04:46
putting these communities at risk of numerous diseases.
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이런 곡동체듀은 μ—¬λŸ¬ μ§ˆλ³‘μ— 걸릴 μœ„ν—˜μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
To solve this problem, we’ll need to invent new sanitation technologies
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λ €λ©΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ„μƒ 기술이 κ°œλ°œλ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
04:54
and address the behavioral, financial, and political issues
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μœ„μƒμ‹œμ„€μ˜ λΆˆν‰λ“±μ„ μ΄ˆλž˜ν•˜λŠ”
행동적, μž¬μ •μ , μ •μΉ˜μ  λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ 닀뀄야 ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
that produce inequity throughout the sanitation pipeline.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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