Aphasia: The disorder that makes you lose your words - Susan Wortman-Jutt

1,445,318 views ใƒป 2016-09-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Sigal Tifferet ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:07
Language is an essential part of our lives that we often take for granted.
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ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
00:12
With it, we can communicate our thoughts and feelings,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•,
00:15
lose ourselves in novels,
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ืœื”ื™ืกื—ืฃ ืœืกืคืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
00:17
send text messages,
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜,
00:18
and greet friends.
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ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:21
It's hard to imagine being unable to turn thoughts into words.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ื.
00:25
But if the delicate web of language networks in your brain
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื›ื
00:29
became disrupted by stroke, illness, or trauma,
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ืชื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฅ, ืžื—ืœื” ืื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”,
00:33
you could find yourself truly at a loss for words.
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ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•, ื—ืกืจื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
00:37
This disorder, called aphasia, can impair all aspects of communication.
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ื”ืคืจืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืืคืื–ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
00:43
People who have aphasia remain as intelligent as ever.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืืคืื–ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื•.
00:47
They know what they want to say,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ,
00:48
but can't always get their words to come out correctly.
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ืืš ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
00:52
They may unintentionally use substitutions called paraphasias,
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืคืืจืืคื–ื™ื•ืช,
00:56
switching related words, like saying "dog" for "cat,"
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ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจื”, ืœืžืฉืœ "ื›ืœื‘" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื—ืชื•ืœ",
00:59
or words that sound similar, such as "house" for "horse."
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ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื ืฉืžืขืช ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืžื• "ืžื•ืก" ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืกื•ืก".
01:06
Sometimes, their words may even be unrecognizable.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื.
01:09
There are several types of aphasia grouped into two categories:
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืืคืื–ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช:
01:13
fluent, or receptive, aphasia
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ืืคืื–ื™ื” ืจื”ื•ื˜ื” ืื• ืจืฆืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
01:16
and non-fluent, or expressive, aphasia.
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ื•ืืคืื–ื™ื” ืœื ืจื”ื•ื˜ื” ืื• ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
01:19
People with fluent aphasia may have normal vocal inflection
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืืคืื–ื™ื” ืจื”ื•ื˜ื” ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืงื•ืœื™ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™,
01:23
but use words that lack meaning.
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ืืš ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
01:26
They have difficulty comprehending the speech of others
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ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:29
and are frequently unable to recognize their own speech errors.
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
01:33
People with non-fluent aphasia, on the other hand,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืืคืื–ื™ื” ืœื ืจื”ื•ื˜ื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
01:36
may have good comprehension
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
01:38
but will experience long hesitations between words and make grammatical errors.
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ืืš ื”ื ืžื”ืกืกื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง.
01:43
We all have that tip-of-the-tongue feeling from time to time
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ "ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ",
01:46
when we can't think of a word,
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ื›ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื”,
01:48
but having aphasia can make it hard to name simple, everyday objects.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืืคืื–ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื™ื ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
01:52
Even reading and writing can be difficult and frustrating.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืชืกื›ืœื•ืช.
01:56
So how does this language loss happen?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืคื” ื–ื”?
01:59
The human brain has two hemispheres.
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช.
02:01
In most people, the left hemisphere governs language.
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ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืžื™ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืฉืคื”.
02:05
We know this because in 1861,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1861
02:07
the physician Paul Broca studied a patient
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ื”ืจื•ืคื ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื” ื—ืงืจ ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜
02:10
who lost the ability to use all but a single word, "tan."
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ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืคืจื˜ ืœืžื™ืœื” "ื˜ืืŸ".
02:15
During a postmortem study of that patient's brain,
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ื‘ื ืชื™ื—ืช ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•
02:17
Broca discovered a large lesion in the left hemisphere
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ื‘ืจื•ืงื” ื’ื™ืœื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื”ืžื™ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช
02:21
now known as Broca's area.
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืงื”.
02:23
Scientists today believe that Broca's area is responsible in part for naming objects
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืงื” ืื—ืจืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื•ื ื—ืคืฆื™ื
02:28
and coordinating the muscles involved in speech.
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ื•ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:31
Behind Broca's area is Wernicke's area near the auditory cortex.
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืงื” ื ืžืฆื ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืจื ื™ืงื”, ืœื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื”ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™.
02:35
That's where the brain attaches meaning to speech sounds.
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ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:39
Damage to Wernicke's area impairs the brain's ability to comprehend language.
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ื ื–ืง ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืจื ื™ืงื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื”.
02:43
Aphasia is caused by injury to one or both of these specialized language areas.
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ืืคืื–ื™ื” ื ื’ืจืžืช ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืœืœื•, ืื• ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื.
02:48
Fortunately, there are other areas of the brain
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื™ืฉื ื ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ื
02:50
which support these language centers
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ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืœืœื•
02:52
and can assist with communication.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
02:55
Even brain areas that control movement are connected to language.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืคื”.
02:59
FMRI studies found that when we hear action words, like "run" or "dance,"
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืื.ืืจ.ืื™ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ืžืฆืื• ืฉื›ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• "ืœืจื•ืฅ" ืื• "ืœืจืงื•ื“",
03:04
parts of the brain responsible for movement light up
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื,
03:07
as if the body was actually running or dancing.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืžืช ืจืฅ ืื• ืจื•ืงื“.
03:10
Our other hemisphere contributes to language, too,
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ื’ื ื”ื”ืžื™ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉืคื”,
03:13
enhancing the rhythm and intonation of our speech.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ืžืงืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื ืฆื™ื”.
03:17
These non-language areas sometimes assist people with aphasia
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ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉืคื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืืคืื–ื™ื”
03:21
when communication is difficult.
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ื›ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
03:23
So how common is aphasia?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืื–ื™ื”?
03:25
Approximately 1 million people in the U.S. alone have it,
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืคืื–ื™ื”,
03:28
with an estimated 80,000 new cases per year.
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ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืกืคื™ื 80,000 ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
03:32
About one-third of stroke survivors suffer from aphasia
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืฉื‘ืฅ ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืคืื–ื™ื”,
03:35
making it more prevalent than Parkinson's disease
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ
03:38
or multiple sclerosis,
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ืื• ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
03:40
yet less widely known.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช.
03:42
There is one rare form of aphasia called primary progressive aphasia, or PPA,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืกื•ื’ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืืคืื–ื™ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืืคืื–ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช (PPA),
03:47
which is not caused by stroke or brain injury,
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ืฉืœื ื ื’ืจื ืžืฉื‘ืฅ ืื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื•ื—ื™ืช,
03:50
but is actually a form of dementia
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ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื ืฆื™ื”
03:53
in which language loss is the first symptom.
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ื‘ื• ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
03:56
The goal in treating PPA is to maintain language function for as long as possible
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘-PPA ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืฉืคื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ
04:01
before other symptoms of dementia eventually occur.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื“ืžื ืฆื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:04
However, when aphasia is acquired from a stroke or brain trauma,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืืคืื–ื™ื” ื ื’ืจืžืช ืžืฉื‘ืฅ ืื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžื•ื—ื™ืช,
04:08
language improvement may be achieved through speech therapy.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
04:12
Our brain's ability to repair itself, known as brain plasticity,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช,
04:15
permits areas surrounding a brain lesion
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื•ื—ื™ืช
04:18
to take over some functions during the recovery process.
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ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”.
04:21
Scientists have been conducting experiments using new forms of technology,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืจื›ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ื™ืฉื”,
04:26
which they believe may encourage brain plasticity in people with aphasia.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืืคืื–ื™ื”.
04:31
Meanwhile, many people with aphasia remain isolated,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ืืคืื–ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
04:35
afraid that others won't understand them or give them extra time to speak.
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืื• ืœื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
04:39
By offering them the time and flexibility to communicate in whatever way they can,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื•,
04:44
you can help open the door to language again,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืœืฉืคื”, ื•ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืืคืื–ื™ื”.
04:47
moving beyond the limitations of aphasia.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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