How do your kidneys work? - Emma Bryce

2,381,540 views ・ 2015-02-09

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Marc Isbert Reviewer: Anna Comas-Quinn
00:06
It's a hot day,
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És un dia xafogós,
i t'has empassat una pila de gots d'aigua,
00:08
and you've just downed several glasses of water,
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00:10
one after the other.
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un rera l'altre.
00:12
Behind the sudden urge that follows are two bean-shaped organs
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Rera de la necessitat urgent que sents hi ha dos òrgans en forma de mongeta
00:16
that work as fine-tuned internal sensors.
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que funcionen com uns sensors interns de precisió.
00:19
They balance the amount of fluid in your body,
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Equilibren la quantitat de líquid del cos,
00:22
detect waste in your blood,
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detecten els residus a la sang,
i saben quan alliberar les vitamines, els minerals
00:24
and know when to release the vitamins, minerals,
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00:26
and hormones you need to stay alive.
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i les hormones que calen per mantenir-se vius.
00:29
Say hello to your kidneys.
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Saludem els nostres ronyons.
00:31
The main role of these organs is to dispose of waste products
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La funció principal d'aquests òrgans és eliminar els residus
00:35
and to turn them into urine.
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i convertir-los en orina.
00:38
The body's eight liters of blood pass through the kidneys
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Els vuit litres de sang del cos passen pels ronyons
00:41
between 20 and 25 times each day,
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entre 20 i 25 cops al dia,
00:44
meaning that, together, these organs filter about 180 liters every 24 hours.
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és a dir que, plegats, aquests òrgans filtren uns 180 litres cada 24 hores.
00:51
The ingredients in your blood are constantly changing
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Els ingredients de la sang canvien constantment
00:54
as you ingest food and drink,
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a mesura que mengem i bevem,
00:56
which explains why the kidneys need to be on permanent duty.
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i això explica perquè els ronyons han d'estar sempre de servei.
01:00
Blood enters each kidney through arteries that branch and branch,
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La sang entra a cada ronyó per artèries que es ramifiquen progressivament,
01:04
until they form tiny vessels that entwine with special internal modules,
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fins a formar uns vasos menuts que es cabdellen en uns mòduls especials
01:09
called nephrons.
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anomenats nefrones.
01:11
In each kidney,
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A cada ronyó,
01:12
1 million of these nephrons form a powerful array of filters and sensors
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1 milió d'aquestes nefrones formen un potent conjunt de filtres i sensors
01:17
that carefully sift through the blood.
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que tamisen curosament la sang.
01:20
This is where we see just how refined
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Aquí veurem com n'és de refinat
01:22
and accurate this internal sensing system is.
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i precís aquest sistema intern de sensors.
01:25
To filter the blood, each nephron uses two powerful pieces of equipment:
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Per a filtrar la sang, cada nefrona fa servir dos poderosos mecanismes:
01:30
a blob-like structure called a glomerulus, and a long, stringy, straw-like tubule.
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una estructura globular, el glomèrul, i un túbul llarg i fi.
01:37
The glomerulus works like a sieve, allowing only certain ingredients,
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El glomèrul actua com en sedàs que només permet que passin al túbul
01:41
such as vitamins and minerals, to pass into the tubule.
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certs ingredients com les vitamines i els minerals.
01:45
Then, this vessel's job is to detect
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La feina d'aquest tub és detectar
01:47
whether any of those ingredients are needed in the body.
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si algun d'aquests ingredients és necessari per al cos.
01:51
If so, they're reabsorbed in amounts that the body needs,
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Si és així, els reabsorbeix en les quantitats que calen al cos,
01:54
so they can circulate in the blood again.
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i els retorna a la sang.
01:57
But the blood doesn't only carry useful ingredients.
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Però la sang no tan sols duu ingredients útils.
02:00
It contains waste products, too.
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També conté residus.
02:02
And the nephrons have to figure out what to do with them.
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I les nefrones han de decidir què fer-ne.
02:05
The tubules sense compounds the body doesn't need,
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Els túbuls detecten els compostos que el cos no necessita,
02:09
like urea, left over from the breakdown of proteins,
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com l'urea, un residu de la descomposició de les proteïnes,
02:12
and redirects them as urine out of the kidneys
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i l'envia fora dels ronyons en forma d'orina
02:15
and through two long sewers called ureters.
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per dos llargs desguassos anomenats urèters.
02:19
The tubes empty their contents into the bladder to be discharged,
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Aquests aboquen el seu contingut a la bufeta per a ser evacuat,
02:23
ridding your body of that waste once and for all.
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alliberant el cos dels residus d'una vegada i per sempre.
02:26
There's water in that urine, too.
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A l'orina també hi ha aigua.
02:28
If the kidney detects too much of it in your blood,
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Si els ronyons detecten que n'hi ha massa a la sang,
02:31
for instance, when you've chugged several glasses at once,
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per exemple, quan has engolit molts vasos seguits,
02:34
it sends the extra liquid to the bladder to be removed.
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envien el líquid sobrant cap a la bufeta per expulsar-lo.
02:38
On the other hand, low water levels in the blood
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D'altra banda, quan hi ha poca aigua a la sang
02:41
prompt the kidney to release some back into the blood stream,
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el ronyó en retorna una certa quantitat a la sang,
02:44
meaning that less water makes it into the urine.
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i aixó implica menys aigua a l'orina.
02:48
This is why urine appears yellower when you're less hydrated.
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És per això que l'orina és més grogenca quan estem menys hidratats.
02:52
By controlling water, your kidneys stabilize the body's fluid levels.
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Controlant-ne l'aigua, els ronyons estabilitzen els nivells de líquid al cos.
02:56
But this fine balancing act isn't the kidney's only skill.
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Però aquest ajustament de precisió no és l'única habilitat dels ronyons.
03:00
These organs have the power to activate vitamin D
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També tenen el poder d'activar la vitamina D
03:03
to secrete a hormone called renin that raises blood pressure,
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i secretar una hormona anomenada renina que augmenta la pressió sanguínia,
03:08
and another hormone called erythropoietin,
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i una altra hormona anomenada eritropoietina,
03:11
which increases red blood cell production.
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que incrementa la producció de glòbuls vermells.
03:14
Without the kidneys, our bodily fluids would spiral out of control.
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Sense ronyons, els fluids del nostre cos es descontrolarien.
03:19
Every time we ate, our blood would receive another load of unsifted ingredients.
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Quan mengem, la sang rep una nova càrrega d'ingredients sense filtrar.
03:24
Soon, the buildup of waste would overload our systems and we'd expire.
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Aviat, l'augment de residus saturaria els nostres sistemes i moriríem.
03:29
So each kidney not only keeps things running smoothly.
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Així doncs, cada ronyó no tan sols fa que tot vagi com una seda.
03:32
It also keeps us alive.
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També ens manté vius.
03:34
Lucky then that we have two of these magical beans.
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Sort, doncs, que en tenim dues, d'aquestes mongetes màgiques.
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