How do your kidneys work? - Emma Bryce

2,409,440 views ใƒป 2015-02-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
It's a hot day,
0
6826
1188
ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื—ื,
00:08
and you've just downed several glasses of water,
1
8014
2352
ื•ืืชื ื›ืจื’ืข ื’ืžืขืชื ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื,
00:10
one after the other.
2
10366
1920
ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
00:12
Behind the sudden urge that follows are two bean-shaped organs
3
12286
3896
ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช
00:16
that work as fine-tuned internal sensors.
4
16182
3533
ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
00:19
They balance the amount of fluid in your body,
5
19715
2380
ื”ื ืžืื–ื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื,
00:22
detect waste in your blood,
6
22095
2017
ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ื“ื,
00:24
and know when to release the vitamins, minerals,
7
24112
2654
ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืชื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื,
00:26
and hormones you need to stay alive.
8
26766
2681
ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:29
Say hello to your kidneys.
9
29447
2190
ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
00:31
The main role of these organs is to dispose of waste products
10
31637
4304
ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช
00:35
and to turn them into urine.
11
35941
2731
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืชืŸ.
00:38
The body's eight liters of blood pass through the kidneys
12
38672
2893
ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช
00:41
between 20 and 25 times each day,
13
41565
3312
ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืœ 25 ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
00:44
meaning that, together, these organs filter about 180 liters every 24 hours.
14
44877
6972
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกื ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 180 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื›ืœ 24 ืฉืขื•ืช.
00:51
The ingredients in your blood are constantly changing
15
51849
2826
ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
00:54
as you ingest food and drink,
16
54675
2150
ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืขื›ืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืฉืชื™ื”,
00:56
which explains why the kidneys need to be on permanent duty.
17
56825
3655
ืžื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช.
01:00
Blood enters each kidney through arteries that branch and branch,
18
60480
3985
ื“ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ืฉืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื,
01:04
until they form tiny vessels that entwine with special internal modules,
19
64465
5144
ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
01:09
called nephrons.
20
69609
1869
ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ืคืจื•ื ื™ื.
01:11
In each kidney,
21
71478
1317
ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ื™ื”,
01:12
1 million of these nephrons form a powerful array of filters and sensors
22
72795
4739
ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื ืคืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืจืš ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืžืกื ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื
01:17
that carefully sift through the blood.
23
77534
3007
ืฉืžืกื ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื.
01:20
This is where we see just how refined
24
80541
1927
ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืขื•ื“ื ื™ื
01:22
and accurate this internal sensing system is.
25
82468
3500
ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:25
To filter the blood, each nephron uses two powerful pieces of equipment:
26
85968
5012
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื, ื›ืœ ื ืคืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช:
01:30
a blob-like structure called a glomerulus, and a long, stringy, straw-like tubule.
27
90980
6621
ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื•ืขืชื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ืœื•ืžืจื•ืœื•ืก, ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื—ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ืงืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืœ.
01:37
The glomerulus works like a sieve, allowing only certain ingredients,
28
97601
3824
ื”ื’ืœื•ืžืจื•ืœื•ืก ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืžื• ืžืกื ื ืช, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืจืง ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ,
01:41
such as vitamins and minerals, to pass into the tubule.
29
101425
3823
ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื, ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืœ.
01:45
Then, this vessel's job is to detect
30
105248
2191
ืื–, ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
01:47
whether any of those ingredients are needed in the body.
31
107439
3922
ืื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
01:51
If so, they're reabsorbed in amounts that the body needs,
32
111361
3497
ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš,
01:54
so they can circulate in the blood again.
33
114858
2920
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื“ื ืฉื•ื‘.
01:57
But the blood doesn't only carry useful ingredients.
34
117778
2670
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื ืœื ืจืง ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:00
It contains waste products, too.
35
120448
2507
ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช, ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
02:02
And the nephrons have to figure out what to do with them.
36
122955
2827
ื•ื”ื ืคืจื•ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื.
02:05
The tubules sense compounds the body doesn't need,
37
125782
3336
ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš,
02:09
like urea, left over from the breakdown of proteins,
38
129118
3342
ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื™ืื”, ืฉื ืฉืืจืช ืžื”ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
02:12
and redirects them as urine out of the kidneys
39
132460
3058
ื•ืžืคื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉืชืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช
02:15
and through two long sewers called ureters.
40
135518
3600
ื•ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื.
02:19
The tubes empty their contents into the bladder to be discharged,
41
139118
4204
ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ืงื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชื•ืš ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจ,
02:23
ridding your body of that waste once and for all.
42
143322
3214
ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“.
02:26
There's water in that urine, too.
43
146536
2315
ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืชืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื.
02:28
If the kidney detects too much of it in your blood,
44
148851
2850
ืื ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ื,
02:31
for instance, when you've chugged several glasses at once,
45
151701
3283
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉืืชื ื’ื•ืžืขื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช,
02:34
it sends the extra liquid to the bladder to be removed.
46
154984
3986
ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืœืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ืœืคื™ื ื•ื™.
02:38
On the other hand, low water levels in the blood
47
158970
2538
ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืจืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื
02:41
prompt the kidney to release some back into the blood stream,
48
161508
3179
ืžืชืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ืœืง ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื,
02:44
meaning that less water makes it into the urine.
49
164687
3593
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉืชืŸ.
02:48
This is why urine appears yellower when you're less hydrated.
50
168280
3762
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
02:52
By controlling water, your kidneys stabilize the body's fluid levels.
51
172042
4440
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื, ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืื–ื ื•ืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:56
But this fine balancing act isn't the kidney's only skill.
52
176482
4465
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
03:00
These organs have the power to activate vitamin D
53
180947
3019
ืœืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D
03:03
to secrete a hormone called renin that raises blood pressure,
54
183966
4600
ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืจื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื,
03:08
and another hormone called erythropoietin,
55
188566
2693
ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืงืจื ืืจื™ืชืจื•ืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ,
03:11
which increases red blood cell production.
56
191259
3408
ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
03:14
Without the kidneys, our bodily fluids would spiral out of control.
57
194667
4686
ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฆืื• ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
03:19
Every time we ate, our blood would receive another load of unsifted ingredients.
58
199353
4887
ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื ืื›ืœ, ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื ื ื™ื.
03:24
Soon, the buildup of waste would overload our systems and we'd expire.
59
204240
5496
ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืชืขืžื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื ืžื•ืช.
03:29
So each kidney not only keeps things running smoothly.
60
209736
3219
ืื– ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืง.
03:32
It also keeps us alive.
61
212955
2020
ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:34
Lucky then that we have two of these magical beans.
62
214975
3664
ืื– ืžื–ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉืขื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื ื”ืืœื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7