How do your kidneys work? - Emma Bryce

腎臟是如何運轉的? - Emma Bryce

2,381,540 views ・ 2015-02-09

TED-Ed


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譯者: An Lin 審譯者: Peipei Xiang
00:06
It's a hot day,
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在炎熱的一天
00:08
and you've just downed several glasses of water,
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你喝下了好幾杯的水
00:10
one after the other.
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一杯接著一杯
00:12
Behind the sudden urge that follows are two bean-shaped organs
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很快你感受到一股慾望(上廁所), 這突然的慾望背後是兩個豆子形狀的器官
00:16
that work as fine-tuned internal sensors.
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它們是保持體內和諧的感應器
00:19
They balance the amount of fluid in your body,
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它們除了平衡身體裡的水量
00:22
detect waste in your blood,
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也能感測血液中的廢物
00:24
and know when to release the vitamins, minerals,
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還能知道何時該釋放出 能讓你維繫生命的維他命
00:26
and hormones you need to stay alive.
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礦物質和賀爾蒙
00:29
Say hello to your kidneys.
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向你的腎臟說嗨吧!
00:31
The main role of these organs is to dispose of waste products
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腎臟的主要功能就是清除廢物
00:35
and to turn them into urine.
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並且把廢物轉換成尿液
00:38
The body's eight liters of blood pass through the kidneys
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身體裡八公升的血液
每天通過腎臟約20-25次
00:41
between 20 and 25 times each day,
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00:44
meaning that, together, these organs filter about 180 liters every 24 hours.
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也就是說,這對器官在24小時內 總共過濾了180公升的血
00:51
The ingredients in your blood are constantly changing
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血液中的成分隨著吸收食物和飲料
00:54
as you ingest food and drink,
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不斷地變化其中的成分
00:56
which explains why the kidneys need to be on permanent duty.
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這也解釋了為什麼腎臟 必須無時無刻的運作
01:00
Blood enters each kidney through arteries that branch and branch,
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血液透過分支的動脈來進入腎臟
01:04
until they form tiny vessels that entwine with special internal modules,
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動脈分支形成很細小的血管 纏繞一個很特別的內部單元
01:09
called nephrons.
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這個結構叫做腎元
01:11
In each kidney,
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在每個腎臟中
01:12
1 million of these nephrons form a powerful array of filters and sensors
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這一百萬個腎元形成 有力的感應器和過濾器部隊
01:17
that carefully sift through the blood.
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它們小心翼翼地篩檢血液
01:20
This is where we see just how refined
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我們可以由此看出
這內部感應系統是多麼的優良和精確
01:22
and accurate this internal sensing system is.
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01:25
To filter the blood, each nephron uses two powerful pieces of equipment:
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為了過濾血液 每個腎元有兩個有強而有力的結構
01:30
a blob-like structure called a glomerulus, and a long, stringy, straw-like tubule.
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其中一個像水滴的叫做腎小球 另一個長形像繩子一樣的叫做腎小管
01:37
The glomerulus works like a sieve, allowing only certain ingredients,
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腎小球就像篩子 只容許少數特定成分通過並進入腎小管
01:41
such as vitamins and minerals, to pass into the tubule.
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例如維他命和礦物質
01:45
Then, this vessel's job is to detect
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接著,腎小管的工作就是要感測
01:47
whether any of those ingredients are needed in the body.
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這些成分中有哪些是身體所需要的
01:51
If so, they're reabsorbed in amounts that the body needs,
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若需要,它們會依需求量被再吸收
01:54
so they can circulate in the blood again.
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所以它們能夠再回到血液中循環
01:57
But the blood doesn't only carry useful ingredients.
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但是血液不僅僅攜帶有用的成分
02:00
It contains waste products, too.
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它也含有廢物
02:02
And the nephrons have to figure out what to do with them.
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腎小元必須要釐清該如何處理它們
02:05
The tubules sense compounds the body doesn't need,
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腎小管會感應出體內不需要的成分
02:09
like urea, left over from the breakdown of proteins,
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像是尿素、蛋白質分解後的殘留物等等
02:12
and redirects them as urine out of the kidneys
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並且把這些廢物改作尿液排出腎臟
02:15
and through two long sewers called ureters.
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經過稱為輸尿管的兩條長形通道
02:19
The tubes empty their contents into the bladder to be discharged,
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輸尿管把廢物移到膀胱,等待被排出體外
02:23
ridding your body of that waste once and for all.
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一勞永逸的把廢物全部排出
02:26
There's water in that urine, too.
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在尿液中也有水
02:28
If the kidney detects too much of it in your blood,
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如果腎臟感測到太多水分在你的血液當中
02:31
for instance, when you've chugged several glasses at once,
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舉例來說,如果你一口氣灌下好幾杯的水
02:34
it sends the extra liquid to the bladder to be removed.
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腎臟會將多餘的水分送到膀胱等待排出
02:38
On the other hand, low water levels in the blood
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另一方面來說,血液中的水分如果太少
02:41
prompt the kidney to release some back into the blood stream,
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會刺激腎臟釋放回一些水分到血液中
02:44
meaning that less water makes it into the urine.
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意味著尿液中的水分也會比較少
02:48
This is why urine appears yellower when you're less hydrated.
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這也是為什麼尿液在人體較缺水時 會呈現較黃的顏色
02:52
By controlling water, your kidneys stabilize the body's fluid levels.
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腎臟控制水分來穩定體內的液體含量
02:56
But this fine balancing act isn't the kidney's only skill.
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不過,這個完美的平衡並不是腎臟唯一能做的
03:00
These organs have the power to activate vitamin D
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腎臟還擁有活化維他命D的功能
03:03
to secrete a hormone called renin that raises blood pressure,
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還能夠分泌一種叫做腎素的荷爾蒙 它能夠提高血壓
03:08
and another hormone called erythropoietin,
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還能分泌另一種叫做 紅血球生成素的賀爾蒙
03:11
which increases red blood cell production.
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用來增加紅血球產量
03:14
Without the kidneys, our bodily fluids would spiral out of control.
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沒有腎臟,我們體內的液體會失去控制
03:19
Every time we ate, our blood would receive another load of unsifted ingredients.
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我們每次吃東西 我們的血液都會接受到一批未篩檢的成分
03:24
Soon, the buildup of waste would overload our systems and we'd expire.
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很快的,堆積的廢物增加了器官系統的負擔 導致我們死亡
03:29
So each kidney not only keeps things running smoothly.
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所以腎臟不僅僅讓體內運轉順暢
03:32
It also keeps us alive.
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它還維繫了我們的生命
03:34
Lucky then that we have two of these magical beans.
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我們真是幸運,擁有兩個如此神奇的豆子!
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