Who was Confucius? - Bryan W. Van Norden

1,588,315 views ใƒป 2015-10-27

TED-Ed


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Ahmad Jarbou ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Hussain Laghabi
00:09
Most people recognize his name
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ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุณ ูŠุนุฑููˆู† ุงุณู…ู‡ุŒ
00:11
and know that he is famous for having said something,
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ูˆูŠุนุฑููˆู† ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุงุดุชู‡ุฑ ุจู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ุงุŒ
00:15
but considering the long-lasting impact his teachings have had on the world,
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู‘ุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุทู‘ูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฏ ู„ุชุนุงู„ูŠู…ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
00:19
very few people know who Confucius really was,
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ูุฅู†ู‘ ุนุฏุฏู‹ุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ู‹ุง ุฌุฏุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุณ ูŠุนุฑููˆู† ุญู‚ู‹ุง ู…ู† ู‡ูˆ ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณุŒ
00:24
what he really said,
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐู‘ูŠ ู‚ุงู„ู‡ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุŒ
00:25
and why.
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ูˆู„ู…ุงุฐุง.
00:27
Amid the chaos of 6th Century BCE China,
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ูููŠ ุฎุถู… ุงู„ููˆุถู‰ ุงู„ุชู‘ูŠ ุนู…ุช ุงู„ุตู‘ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุณู‘ุงุฏุณ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏุŒ
00:31
where warring states fought endlessly among themselves for supremacy,
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุตุงุฑุนุช ุงู„ุฏู‘ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุงุฑุจุฉ ู„ุฃู…ุฏู ุทูˆูŠู„ู ููŠู…ุง ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุณู‘ูŠุงุฏุฉุŒ
00:35
and rulers were frequently assassinated,
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ูˆุงุบุชูŠู„ ูƒุซูŠุฑูŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูƒู‘ุงู…ุŒ
00:38
sometimes by their own relatives,
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ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุฏ ุฃู‚ุงุฑุจู‡ู…ุŒ
00:40
Confucius exemplified benevolence and integrity,
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ูƒุงู† ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ู…ุซุงู„ุงู‹ ู„ู„ุฎูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ู†ู‘ุฒุงู‡ุฉุŒ
00:44
and through his teaching,
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ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุนุงู„ูŠู…ู‡ุŒ
00:45
became one of China's greatest philosophers.
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ุฃุตุจุญ ูˆุงุญุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฃุนุธู… ูู„ุงุณูุฉ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŠู†.
00:48
Born to a nobleman but raised in poverty from a very young age
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ูˆู„ุฏ ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ู„ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุจู„ุงุก ู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ ู†ุดุฃ ููŠ ูู‚ุฑู ู…ู†ุฐ ุณู†ู‘ู ู…ุจูƒุฑุฉู ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
00:52
following the untimely death of his father,
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ุจุนุฏ ูˆูุงุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏู‡ ูุฌุฃุฉู‹ุŒ
00:55
Confucius developed what would become
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุณู‘ุณ ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุณูŠุบุฏูˆ
00:57
a lifelong sympathy for the suffering of the common people.
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ุชุนุงุทูู‹ุง ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู„ุชุฎููŠู ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุณ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู….
01:01
Barely supporting his mother and disabled brother
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุนุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฏุชู‡ ูˆุดู‚ูŠู‚ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู‚ ุจุงู„ูƒุงุฏุŒ
01:04
as a herder and account keeper at a granary,
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ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ู‡ ูƒุฑุงุนู ูˆุฃู…ูŠู†ู ููŠ ุตูˆู…ุนุฉุŒ
01:07
and with other odd jobs,
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ูˆููŠ ุนุฏุฉ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ู ุบุฑูŠุจุฉู ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
01:08
it was only with the help of a wealthy friend
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูู‚ุท ุจู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุซุฑูŠุงุกุŒ
01:11
that Confucius was able to study at the Royal Archives,
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ุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‘ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู‘ุฌู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠู‘ุŒ
01:15
where his world view would be formed.
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ุญูŠุซ ุตู‚ู„ุช ู†ุธุฑุชู‡ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู….
01:18
Though the ancient texts there were regarded by some
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑู‘ุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ูƒุงู† ูŠู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุตูˆุต ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉุŒ
01:20
as irrelevant relics of the past,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุขุซุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ุฐุงุช ู‚ูŠู…ุฉูุŒ
01:23
Confucius was inspired by them.
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ุฅู„ุงู‘ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุฃู„ู‡ู…ุช ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ.
01:25
Through study and reflection,
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ูู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฏู‘ุฑุงุณุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชู‘ุฃู…ู„ุŒ
01:27
Confucius came to believe that human character is formed in the family
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ุชูˆุตู„ ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‘ ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุชุชุดูƒู‘ู„ ููŠ ุฃุณุฑุชู‡ุŒ
01:31
and by education in ritual, literature, and history.
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ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ุงู„ุฏู‘ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ูˆุงู„ุชู‘ุงุฑูŠุฎ.
01:36
A person cultivated in this way works to help others,
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ุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ุดู‘ุฎุต ุงู„ุฐู‘ูŠ ู†ุดุฃ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทู‘ุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠุนู…ู„ ู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†ุŒ
01:39
guiding them by moral inspiration rather than brute force.
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ูˆุชูˆุฌูŠู‡ู‡ู… ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฅู„ู‡ุงู… ุจุฏู„ู‘ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ู‘ูˆุฉ.
01:43
To put his philosophy into practice,
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ูˆู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุตูˆุบ ูู„ุณูุชู‡ ููŠ ู‚ุงู„ุจู ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ูุŒ
01:46
Confucius became an advisor to the ruler of his home state of Lu.
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ุฃุตุจุญ ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ู…ุณุชุดุงุฑู‹ุง ู„ุญุงูƒู… ูˆู„ุงูŠุชู‡ "ู„ูˆ".
01:51
But after another state sent Lu's ruler a troop of dancing girls as a present
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฑุณู„ุช ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉูŒ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ุญุงูƒู… ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ "ู„ูˆ" ูุฑู‚ุฉู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑู‘ุงู‚ุตุงุช ูƒู‡ุฏูŠุฉููุŒ
01:56
and the ruler ignored his duties while enjoying the girls in private,
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ุชุฌุงู‡ู„ ุงู„ุญุงูƒู… ูˆุงุฌุจุงุชู‡ ู„ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุชู‘ู…ุชุน ุจุงู„ุฑู‘ุงู‚ุตุงุช ููŠ ุฎู„ูˆุงุชู‡ุŒ
02:00
Confucius resigned in disgust.
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ุงุณุชู‚ุงู„ ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ููŠ ุงุดู…ุฆุฒุงุฒู.
02:03
He then spent the next few years traveling from state to state,
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ุซู… ู‚ุถู‰ ุงู„ุณู‘ู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชู‘ุงู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู‘ูุฑ ู…ู† ุฏูˆู„ุฉู ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
02:06
trying to find a worthy ruler to serve, while holding fast to his principles.
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ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉู ู…ู†ู‡ ู„ู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ุฐู‘ูŠ ูŠุณุชุญู‚ ุฎุฏู…ุงุชู‡ุŒ ุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠุชุฎู„ู‰ ุนู† ู…ุจุงุฏุฆู‡.
02:12
It wasn't easy.
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุณู‡ู„ู‹ุง
02:14
In accordance with his philosophy, and contrary to the practice of the time,
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ูˆูˆูู‚ู‹ุง ู„ูู„ุณูุชู‡ุŒ ูˆุฎู„ุงูู‹ุง ู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุงุช ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
02:17
Confucius dissuaded rulers from relying on harsh punishments and military power
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ุฃู‚ู†ุน ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ุงู„ุญูƒู‘ุงู… ุจุงู„ุนุฏูˆู„ ุนู† ุงู„ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุจุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุงุณูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‚ู‘ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุนุณูƒุฑูŠู‘ุฉุŒ
02:23
to govern their lands
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ู„ุญูƒู… ุจู„ุงุฏู‡ู…ุŒ
02:25
because he believed that a good ruler
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ุฌูŠู‘ุฏุŒ
02:26
inspires others to spontaneously follow him
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ูŠู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ู„ูŠุญุฐูˆุง ุญุฐูˆู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ุนููˆูŠู‘ูุŒ
02:30
by virtue of his ethical charisma.
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ุจูุถู„ ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุชู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ.
02:33
Confucius also believed
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ูƒู…ุง ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณุŒ
02:34
that because the love and respect we learn in the family
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุจ ูˆุงู„ุงุญุชุฑุงู… ุงู„ู‘ุฐูŠ ู†ุชุนู„ู…ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑุฉุŒ
02:37
are fundamental to all other virtues,
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ูŠุนุฏู‘ุงู† ุฃุณุงุณูŠูŠู† ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูุถุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
02:40
personal duties to family sometimes supersede obligations to the state.
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ูุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจุงุช ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ุชุญู„ู‘ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ู‹ุง ู…ุญู„ู‘ ุงู„ุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ุงุช ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ.
02:45
So when one duke bragged that his subjects were so upright
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูุงุฎุฑ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฏูˆู‚ุงุช ุจุฃู†ู‘ ุฑุนุงูŠุงู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ุงู…ุฉ ุจุญูŠุซ ุฌุนู„
02:48
that a son testified against his own father
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ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุจู†ุงุก ุดู‡ุฏ ุถุฏ ูˆุงู„ุฏู‡ุŒ
02:51
when his father stole a sheep,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุณุฑู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฏู‡ ุดุงุฉู‹ุŒ
02:53
Confucius informed the duke
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ุฃุจู„ุบ ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ุงู„ุฏูˆู‚ุŒ
02:55
that genuinely upright fathers and sons protected one another.
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ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุขุจุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฃุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ูŠู…ูŠู† ุจุตุฏู‚ู ูŠุญู…ูˆู† ุจุนุถู‡ู… ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
03:00
During his travels, Confucius almost starved,
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฃุณูุงุฑู‡ุŒ ูƒุงุฏ ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ุฃู† ูŠู…ูˆุช ุฌูˆุนู‹ุงุŒ
03:03
he was briefly imprisoned,
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ูˆุณุฌู† ู„ูุชุฑุฉู ูˆุฌูŠุฒุฉูุŒ
03:04
and his life was threatened at several points.
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ูˆู‡ุฏุฏุช ุญูŠุงุชู‡ ุนุฏุฉ ู…ุฑุงุช.
03:07
But he was not bitter.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุชุฐู…ุฑ.
03:09
Confucius had faith that heaven had a plan for the world,
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ุขู…ู† ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ุจุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุณู‘ู…ุงุก ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุฎุทู‘ุฉูŒ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
03:13
and he taught that a virtuous person
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ูˆู‚ุงู„ ุจุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุดู‘ุฎุต ุงู„ูุงุถู„ุŒ
03:14
could always find joy in learning and music.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุฌุฏ ุงู„ุจู‡ุฌุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู‘ุนู„ู… ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰.
03:18
Failing to find the ruler he sought,
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ุจุนุฏ ูุดู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ุฐู‘ูŠ ุณุนู‰ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุŒ
03:21
Confucius returned to Lu
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ุนุงุฏ ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ "ู„ูˆ"ุŒ
03:23
and became a teacher and philosopher so influential,
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ูˆุฃุตุจุญ ู…ุนู„ู…ู‘ุง ูˆููŠู„ุณูˆูู‘ุง ู…ุคุซู‘ุฑู‹ุง ุฌุฏู‘ุงุŒ
03:26
that he helped shaped Chinese culture
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ุจุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุณุงู‡ู… ููŠ ุตูŠุงุบุฉ ุงู„ุซู‘ู‚ุงูุฉ ุงู„ุตู‘ูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ
03:29
and we recognize his name worldwide, even today.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ุฅู„ู‰ ูŠูˆู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ู†ุนุฑู ุงุณู…ู‡ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
03:32
For the disciples of Confucius,
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ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุจุฉ ู„ุฃุชุจุงุน ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณุŒ
03:34
he was the living embodiment of a sage who leads others through his virtue,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุชุฌุณูŠุฏู‹ุง ุญูŠู‘ู‹ุง ู„ู„ุญูƒูŠู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุถุงุฆู„ู‡ุŒ
03:39
and they recorded his sayings,
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ูƒู…ุง ุฏูˆู†ูˆุง ุฃู‚ูˆุงู„ู‡ุŒ
03:41
which eventually were edited into a book we know in English as "The Analects."
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฌูู…ุนุช ุฃุฎูŠุฑู‹ุง ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจู ูŠุนุฑู ุจุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠู‘ุฉ ุจุงุณู…"ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฏุจูŠู‘ุฉ".
03:46
Today, millions of people worldwide adhere to the principles of Confucianism,
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ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุณ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุชู„ุชุฒู… ุจู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณูŠุฉุŒ
03:51
and though the precise meaning of his words has been debated for millennia,
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑู‘ุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุฏู‘ู‚ูŠู‚ ู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชู‡ ู‚ุฏ ู†ูˆู‚ุด ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุณู‘ู†ูŠู†ุŒ
03:55
when asked to summarize his teachings in a single phrase,
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ุฅู„ุงู‘ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠู„ุฎุต ุชุนุงู„ูŠู…ู‡ ููŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉู ูˆุงุญุฏุฉูุŒ
03:59
Confucius himself said,
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ูƒูˆู†ููˆุดูŠูˆุณ ู†ูุณู‡ ู‚ุงู„ุŒ
04:00
"Do not inflict upon others that which you yourself would not want."
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"ู„ุง ุชูƒุจู‘ุฏ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ู…ุง ู„ุง ุชุทูŠู‚ู‡ ู†ูุณูƒ ".
04:06
2,500 years later, it's still sage advice.
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ู…ุฑูˆุฑ 2500 ุนุงู…ู‹ุงุŒ ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุนุธุฉ ุงู„ุญุณู†ุฉ ุฎุงู„ุฏุฉ.
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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